Conjunctive

Type C requires the most complex data analysis. To illustrate, we have reduced the data of Henty (1964) for the system furfural-benzene-cyclohexane-2,2,4-trimethylpentane. VLB data were used in conjunction with one ternary tie line for each ternary to determine optimum binary parameters for each of the two type-I ternaries cyclohexane-furfural-benzene and 2,2,4-... 

CgH,oN20. Colourless crystalline solid, m.p. 121 °C. Made by reacting phenylhydrazine with ethyl acrylate to obtain the hydrazide which cyclizes to the product. Its major commercial importance is as a photographic developing agent, being used particularly in conjunction with hydroquinone. 

Reformatski reaction Aldehydes and ketones react with a-bromo- fatty acid esters in the presence of zinc powder to give -hydroxy-esters which may be dehydrated to give a-, 0-unsaturated esters. a-Chloroesters will react if copper powder is used in conjunction with the zinc. 

The simulated distillation method uses gas phase chromatography in conjunction with an apolar column, that is, a column where the elution of components is a function of their boiling points. The column temperature is increased at reproducible rate (programed temperature) and the area of the chromatogram is recorded as a function of elution time. 

The quadripolar spectrometers whose resolution is limited to about 2000 are of simpler design than the magnetic sectors and are less costly. They are often used in conjunction with gas chromatography (see section 3.3) for purposes of identification. 

Finally, other tests to control jet fuel corrosivity towards certain metals (copper and silver) are used in aviation. The corrosion test known as the copper strip (NF M 07-015) is conducted by immersion in a thermostatic bath at 100°C, under 7 bar pressure for two hours. The coloration should not exceed level 1 (light yellow) on a scale of reference. There is also the silver strip corrosion test (IP 227) required by British specifications (e.g., Rolls Royce) in conjunction with the use of special materials. The value obtained should be less than 1 after immersion at 50°C for four hours. 

Field analogues should be based on reservoir rock type (e.g. tight sandstone, fractured carbonate), fluid type, and environment of deposition. This technique should not be overlooked, especially where little information is available, such as at the exploration stage. Summary charts such as the one shown in Figure 8.19 may be used in conjunction with estimates of macroscopic sweep efficiency (which will depend upon well density and positioning, reservoir homogeneity, offtake rate and fluid type) and microscopic displacement efficiency (which may be estimated if core measurements of residual oil saturation are available). 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

In conjunction with the production operations input into the FDP describing how the process will be operated, maintenance engineering will outline how the equipment will be maintained. Maintenance is required to ensure that equipment is capable of safely performing the tasks for which it was designed. This is often stated as maintaining the technical integrity of the equipment. 

The three previous methods tend to yield better economics when applied in reservoirs containing heavy and viscous crudes, and are often applied either after or in conjunction... 

The main reasons for the application of a pneumatic test in conjunction with an AE are... 

The only meaningful solution is a pneumatic test in conjunction with an AE. Beside the high sensitivity of an AE and its reliability in combination with an established and proven data base, the method can be performed by experienced testing agencies easily and within short shut down period. A lot of 4 up to 9 drums can be tested within one day. 

The divergent shape of the beam provides facilities for magnification in the distances of the source to detector and of the sources to the axis of rotation, which used in conjunction with a microfocus x-ray source opens the way to high resolution. 

It is particularly in the serial inspection of castings, that radioscopy constitutes state-of-the-art when applied in conjunction with systems for image intensification, digital image processing and automatic image evaluation. For the examination of welds, however, standardization is still non-existent, thus rendering more difficult the application of this inspection technique.As a consequence the approval procedures of the respective supervisory or certification boards are often complicated and of necessity set up for each individual case. 

Depending on conditions XTVI can use both stationary, mobile or small-size pulse X-ray units like RUP-150/300, RUP-120, "Arina-02". The tests of unit showed effective operation of XTVI in conjunction with program-controlled pulse X-ray units RAP-90, RAP-160, RAP-300, developed in Introscopy Institute. 

Critical to the successtlil completion of this process are the software tools required to store and analyse the inspection and related data. This is a major task and to achieve this OIS has produced, in conjunction with a major specialist technical software provider, the Asset Condition Evaluation Tool (Acet). Acet is a comprehensive suite of programs which draws on the extensive experience of engineers working in this field for many years, to provide a readily usable and highly auditable package for this application. 

A second type of measurement that may be made on films, usually in conjunction with force-area measurements is that of the contact or surface potential. One essentially measures the Volta potential between the surface of the liquid and that of a metal probe. 

Usually one varies the head of mercury or applied gas pressure so as to bring the meniscus to a fixed reference point [118], Grahame and co-workers [119], Hansen and co-workers [120] (see also Ref. 121), and Hills and Payne [122] have given more or less elaborate descriptions of the capillary electrometer apparatus. Nowadays, the capillary electrometer is customarily used in conjunction with capacitance measurements (see below). Vos and Vos [111] describe the use of sessile drop profiles (Section II-7B) for interfacial tension measurements, thus avoiding an assumption as to the solution-Hg-glass contact angle. 

Use the data of Fig. XVII-1 to calculate qst for a range of p values and, in conjunction with Problem 11, plot st versus n/rim-... 

As these examples have demonstrated, in particular for fast reactions, chemical kinetics can only be appropriately described if one takes into account dynamic effects, though in practice it may prove extremely difficult to separate and identify different phenomena. It seems that more experiments under systematically controlled variation of solvent enviromnent parameters are needed, in conjunction with numerical simulations that as closely as possible mimic the experimental conditions to improve our understanding of condensed-phase reaction kmetics. The theoretical tools that are available to do so are covered in more depth in other chapters of this encyclopedia and also in comprehensive reviews [6, 118. 119],... 

The implementation of high-pressure reaction cells in conjunction with UFIV surface science techniques allowed the first tme in situ postmortem studies of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction. These cells penult exposure of a sample to ambient pressures without any significant contamination of the UFIV enviromnent. The first such cell was internal to the main vacuum chamber and consisted of a metal bellows attached to a reactor cup [34]- The cup could be translated using a hydraulic piston to envelop the sample, sealing it from... 

A very simple procedure for time evolving the wavepacket is the second order differencing method. Here we illustrate how this method is used in conjunction with a fast Fourier transfonn method for evaluating the spatial coordinate derivatives in the Hamiltonian. 

As an illustration, we consider the case of SFIG from the (111) surface of a cubic material (3m. syimnetry). More general treatments of rotational anisotropy in centrosymmetric crystals may be found in the literature [62. 63 and M]- For the case at hand, we may detennine the anisotropy of the radiated SFl field from equation Bl.5.32 in conjunction with the fonn of -)from table Bl.5.1. We fmd, for example, for the p-in/p-out and s-... 

The applications of this simple measure of surface adsorbate coverage have been quite widespread and diverse. It has been possible, for example, to measure adsorption isothemis in many systems. From these measurements, one may obtain important infomiation such as the adsorption free energy, A G° = -RTln(K ) [21]. One can also monitor tire kinetics of adsorption and desorption to obtain rates. In conjunction with temperature-dependent data, one may frirther infer activation energies and pre-exponential factors [73, 74]. Knowledge of such kinetic parameters is useful for teclmological applications, such as semiconductor growth and synthesis of chemical compounds [75]. Second-order nonlinear optics may also play a role in the investigation of physical kinetics, such as the rates and mechanisms of transport processes across interfaces [76]. 

Magnetic sectors can be used on their own, or in conjunction with energy analysers to fomi a tandem mass spectrometer. The unique features of the reverse geometry instrument are presented from this point. 

CIDNP involves the observation of diamagnetic products fonned from chemical reactions which have radical intemiediates. We first define the geminate radical pair (RP) as the two molecules which are bom in a radical reaction with a well defined phase relation (singlet or triplet) between their spins. Because the spin physics of the radical pair are a fiindamental part of any description of the origins of CIDNP, it is instmctive to begin with a discussion of the radical-pair spin Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian can be used in conjunction with an appropriate basis set to obtain the energetics and populations of the RP spin states. A suitable Hamiltonian for a radical pair consisting of radicals 1 and 2 is shown in equation (B1.16.1) below [12]. 

One fiirther method for obtaining surface sensitivity in diffraction relies on the presence of two-dimensional superlattices on the surface. As we shall see fiirtlrer below, these correspond to periodicities that are different from those present in the bulk material. As a result, additional diffracted beams occur (often called fractional-order beams), which are uniquely created by and therefore sensitive to this kind of surface structure. XRD, in particular, makes frequent use of this property [4]. Transmission electron diffraction (TED) also has used this property, in conjunction with ultrathin samples to minimize bulk contributions [9]. 

Luminescence has been used in conjunction with flow cells to detect electro-generated intennediates downstream of the electrode. The teclmique lends itself especially to the investigation of photoelectrochemical processes, since it can yield mfonnation about excited states of reactive species and their lifetimes. It has become an attractive detection method for various organic and inorganic compounds, and highly sensitive assays for several clinically important analytes such as oxalate, NADH, amino acids and various aliphatic and cyclic amines have been developed. It has also found use in microelectrode fundamental studies in low-dielectric-constant organic solvents. 

The authors emphasize on their web pages that UFF is not designed to be used in conjunction with partial atomic charges, as it is the default option in several software packages. A second point is that UFF is often used to model biological... 

The PEOE method in conjunction with a modified Hiickel Molecular Orbital (HMO) method allows charge calculation in conjugated r-systems. 

To understand the recommendations for structure descriptors in order to be able to apply them in QSAR or drug design in conjunction with statistical methods or machine learning techniques. 

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