Concrete flooring

The interior surface finish, to comply with EEC and other health standards, must be rustproof, cleanable, and free from any crevices which can hold dirt. Bare timber in any form is not permitted. Most liners are now aluminium or galvanized steel sheet, finished white with a synthetic enamel or plastic coating. GRP liners are also in use. Floors are of hard concrete or tiles. Very heavy working floors may have metal grids let into the concrete surface. Floor concrete is coved up at the base of the walls to form a protective curb. 

Masonry products have been widely used in the construction industry and include building materials such as cementious materials, concrete, brick, tile, stone, grout, and like substances. Driveways, garage flooring, concrete block, brick fronts, fireplaces, fireplace hearths, as well as tiled floor, wall and counter top surfaces are exemplary applications. Masonry surfaces are porous and if left unprotected can deteriorate from exposure to water and they can become discolored. For example, water penetration can cause spalling or lead to discoloration via microbial growth. Tiles and grouts employed in homes come in contact with various foods and liquids, e.g., fruit juice, coffee, oils, ketchup, mustard, etc. that can cause discoloration. 

The use of filling cracks with epoxy mass or with hard flexible polymer is also effective in the same case. Especially, repair of the cracked cement-polymer composites with addition of SBR is effective, because restores properties of floor concrete and also of the repair covering system. Unfortunately, both previously mentioned repair methods are inadequate in cases of large deformations, because of low value of the ultimate strain angle (y < 0.5 %). Overcome of this value causes appearing of new damage in concrete, close to the repair joint. 

Chem. Descrip. Neodecanoic acid glycidyl ester CAS 26761-45-5 EINECS/ELINCS 247-979-2 Uses Intermediate for mfg. of resins and polymers, chem. synthesis reactive diluent for epoxy resins for use in solv.-free coatings, civil engineering prods., e.g., floorings, concrete repair compds. 

Chem. Deserip. Aliphatic waterborne PU disp., NMP cosolv. (10.3%) Uses Urethane for wood flooring, concrete, metal, and plastics coatings Features General purpose hard good balance of water, chem. and abrasion resist. 

High solids, solvent-free coatings floorings concrete bonding troweling compounds... 

The sub-core flux and reaction rate results were determined for the support members, the debris cone, the pressure vessel divided into several polar re ons, the support skirt and the vault floor concrete divided into several radial and axial subdivisions. Results were also produced for the bio-shield concrete below the core support plate level in the bottom comer of the reactor vault in the same regions as those defined for the side-core model described in section 3.3. Results were calculated in 95 separate regions in the sub-core model. 

Hard floors Concrete, terrazzo, ceramic, quarry, slate, etc. 

Sand filled epoxy resins find utility as simulated terrazzo flooring, concrete highway and bridge abutment repair kits, and in various other applications where a concrete substitute is required that is convenient to use and cures rapidly. Table 9 indicates the strength improvements that can be produced in these systems by the use of silane coupling agents, both initially and after environmental aging. 

Residential Construction. Owing to rising energy costs, the cost and low thermal conductivity are of prime importance in wall and ceiling insulation of residential buildings. The combination of insulation efficiency, desirable stmctural properties, ease of appHcation, abiHty to reduce air infiltration, and moisture resistance has led to use of extmded polymeric foam in residential constmction as sheathing, as perimeter and floor insulation under concrete, and as a combined plaster base and insulation for walls. 

Uses. In architectural and industrial appHcations vibrational isolators are used to reduce transmission of vibration into building stmctures from rotating or reciprocating machinery, such as ventilating fans, pumps, chillers, industrial machinery, and the piping and ductwork coimected to this equipment (6). Vibration isolators also can be used to isolate vibration-sensitive equipment or noise-sensitive areas from sources of vibration. Examples are special pneumatic isolators to protect electron microscopes, and isolators used to support floating concrete floors in recording studios. 

Chlorinated rubberis often used in combination with medium od drying type alkyds. The alkyd gives better toughness, flexibdity, adhesion, and durabdity, and the chlorinated mbber contributes to faster drying and better resistance to water and chemicals. The principal appHcations are highway traffic paint, concrete floor, and swimming pool paints. 

As with SMC, appHcations are limited to high volume because of the capital investment in equipment and tooling. Thermoset compression molders require additional heating and material Handling equipment to adapt their process to thermoplastic sheet fabrication. AppHcations include automotive bumper beams, load floors, radiator supports, battery trays, and package shelves. Chair sheUs, military containers, material Handling pallets, trays, and concrete foaming pans are also produced. 

Sulfur concretes are used in many specialty areas where Porfland cement concretes are not completely satisfactory. Because SC can be formulated to resist deterioration and failure from mineral acid and salt solutions, it is used for constmction of tanks, electrolytic cells, thickeners, industrial flooring, pipe, and others. In addition, SC is under investigation for many other prospective uses (58,59) (see Cement). 

The combination of conductive flooring 7/ia conductive footwear is the preferred method of grounding. Untreated concrete flooring with conductive footwear is usually adequate, but its conductivity should be measured (Fowler and Klein, Static Phenomena and Test Methods for Static Gontrolled Floors, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, pp. 27-38, 1992). Where this method is impractical, personnel grounding devices are available. 

CP-1 was assembled in an approximately spherical shape with the purest graphite in the center. About 6 tons of luanium metal fuel was used, in addition to approximately 40.5 tons of uranium oxide fuel. The lowest point of the reactor rested on the floor and the periphery was supported on a wooden structure. The whole pile was surrounded by a tent of mbberized balloon fabric so that neutron absorbing air could be evacuated. About 75 layers of 10.48-cm (4.125-in.) graphite bricks would have been required to complete the 790-cm diameter sphere. However, criticality was achieved at layer 56 without the need to evacuate the air, and assembly was discontinued at layer 57. The core then had an ellipsoidal cross section, with a polar radius of 209 cm and an equatorial radius of309 cm [20]. CP-1 was operated at low power (0.5 W) for several days. Fortuitously, it was found that the nuclear chain reaction could be controlled with cadmium strips which were inserted into the reactor to absorb neutrons and hence reduce the value of k to considerably less than 1. The pile was then disassembled and rebuilt at what is now the site of Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A, with a concrete biological shield. Designated CP-2, the pile eventually reached a power level of 100 kW [22]. 

The store floor should be level. A load-bearing surface (concrete, paved or compacted) is required where cylinders are to be stacked. 

Material stored at or below its atmospheric pressure boiling point has no superheat. Therefore there will be no initial flash of liquid to vapor in case of a leak. Vaporization will be controlled by the evaporation rate from the pool formed by the leak. This rate can be minimized by the design of the containment dike, for example, by minimizing the surface area of the liquid spilled into the dike area, or by using insulating concrete dike sides and floors. Because the spilled material is cold, vaporization from the pool will be further reduced. 

Floor heating in industrial premises usually means hot-water pipes placed inside the concrete floor. (Electric coils or electric sheets are also used in non-industrial premises this is, however, not treated here.) Figure 8.60 shows a typical installation of heatpipes inside the floor. Note that the pipes are placed relatively deep down inside the concrete to help even out the surface temperature. 

Putting heating coils or heating pipes into a concrete floor makes a heat reservoir that helps even out temperature fluctuations. 

FIGURE 6.80 Arrangement and typical dimensions of hot-water pipes in a concrete floor. 

The relationships between air exchange rate and temperature difference were determined using COMB (Fig. 11.51) and then integrated as the ventilation model in the thermal model. The rhermai behavior is modeled with the TRNSYS multizone type, considering the hall and the room below the thick concrete test floor slab. For the hall, a room model with two air temperature nodes (one for the occupied zone and one for the rest of the hall) and geometrically detailed radiation exchange is used. 

An arch dam, on the other hand, relies on its shape to withstand the pressure of the water behind it. The arch curves back upstream and the force exerted by the water is transferred through the dam into the river valley walls and to the river floor. They are normally constructed in deep gorges where the geological foundations are veiy sound. The United States s Hoover Dam is an example of a concrete arch dam. 

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