Colorants cochineal

USE Detergent, removing stains, bleaching, calico printing, extracting plant colors (cochineal, archil, etc.) and alkaloids manuf ammonium salts, aniline dyes, and a wide vari -ety of other uses. 

Textile dyes were, until the nineteenth century invention of aniline dyes, derived from biological sources plants or animals, eg, insects or, as in the case of the highly prized classical dyestuff Tyrian purple, a shellfish. Some of these natural dyes are so-caUed vat dyes, eg, indigo and Tyrian purple, in which a chemical modification after binding to the fiber results in the intended color. Some others are direct dyes, eg, walnut sheU and safflower, that can be apphed directly to the fiber. The majority, however, are mordant dyes a metal salt precipitated onto the fiber facUitates the binding of the dyestuff Aluminum, iron, and tin salts ate the most common historical mordants. The color of the dyed textile depends on the mordant used for example, cochineal is crimson when mordanted with aluminum, purple with iron, and scarlet with tin (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES). 

Exempt colorants are made up of a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds representing the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. Some, like -carotene and 2inc oxide, are essentially pure factory-produced chemicals of definite and known composition. Others, including annatto extract, cochineal extract, caramel, and beet powder are mixtures obtained from natural sources and have somewhat indefinite compositions. 

Cochineal Extract. Cochineal extract (Cl Natural Red 4, Cl No. 75470 EEC No. E 120) is the concentrated solution obtained after removing the alcohol from an aqueous-alcohoHc extract of cochineal, which is the dried bodies of the female insect Coccus cacti Dactylopius coccus costd) a variety of field louse. The coloring principle of the extract is beHeved to be carminic acid [1260-17-9] (40), an hydroxyanthraquinone linked to a glucose unit, comprising approximately 10% of cochineal and 2—4% of its extract. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake on an aluminum hydroxide substrate of the coloring principle (again, chiefly carminic acid) obtained by the aqueous extraction of cochineal. Carmine is normally 50% or more carminic acid. 

In addition to the U.S. certified coal-tar colorants, some noncertified naturally occurring plant and animal colorants, such as alkanet, annatto [1393-63-17, carotene [36-884] C qH, chlorophyll [1406-65-17, cochineal [1260-17-9] saffron [138-55-6] and henna [83-72-7], can be used in cosmetics. In the United States, however, natural food colors, such as beet extract or powder, turmeric, and saffron, are not allowed as cosmetic colorants. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Scharlach, m. scarlet scarlet fever scarlet runner, -beeren,/./>/. kermes berries, kermea. scharlachen, scharlachfarben, a. scarlet. Scharlach-farbe,/. scarlet color or dye. -fieber, n. scarlet fever, scarlatina, scharlachrot, a. scarlet, bright red. Scharlach-rot, n. scarlet cochineal. -wurm, m. cochineal insect. 

Carmine (or cochineal) is used as a colorant in food, cosmetics, and paints. 

Cactus pear, previously known as prickly pear, has been mainly studied for its green fleshed pads known as nopalitos. It originates from Mexico but is cultivated in Chile and Peru, mainly for cochineal production, and also in the U.S. (California and Texas), South Africa, India, Israel, and the Mediterranean, amounting to a total of 100,000 hectares under cultivation. The cactus pear fruit is a berry with many seeds and a mean weight of 160 g. Its fruit pulp covers a color range from deep purple to green. " ... 

To extract and evalnate the color pigments from cochineals Dactylopius coccus Costa), a simple method was developed. The procednre is based on the solvent extraction of insect samples nsing methanol and water (65 35, v/v) and a two-level factorial design to optimize the solvent extraction parameters temperature, time, methanol concentration in mixtnre, and yield. For hydrophilic colorants that are more sensitive to temperatnre, water is the solvent of choice. For example, de-aerated water extraction at low temperatnre was applied to separate yellow saffrole and carthamine from saffron (Carthamus tinctorius) florets that contain about 1% yellow saffrole and 0.3% red carthamine. ... 

The same resin was used for the purification via downstream processing of carminic acid, the natural colorant extracted from cochineal. By a direct adsorption method, a crude extract was applied on the polymeric bed gel and the adsorption kinetics studied using elution with hydrochloric acid and ethanol. The desorbed pure carminic acid concentrated under vacuum yielded a final product that complied with Codex Alimentarius requirements and FAO/OMS norms. 

Carminic acid is a water-solnble componnd, stable nnder conditions of light and heat. It shows a maximnm absorption at 518 mn in aqneous ammonia solutions and at 494 mn in dilnted hydrochloric acid. ° The cochineal color is-pH sensitive. In... 

Cochineal, carminic acid, and carmines are approved as food colorants in the EU under code E 120, and their purity criteria are regulated.The amount of E 120 permitted in food ranges from 50 to 500 mg/kg. Carminic acid and carmine are considered very good food colorants due to their high stability and tinctorial properties. Solutions of carminic acid are yellow to orange, while carmines show various stable brilliant red hues. - ... 

In the EU, the use of cochineal derivatives is authorized for coloring alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, candied fruits and vegetables, red fruit preserves, confectionery, ices, bakery products, cheeses, jam, jellies, marmalades, fruit-flavored cereals, and other products. ... 

Lloyd, A.G., Extraction and chemistry of cochineal, Food Chem., 5, 91, 1980. Schul, I.J., An ancient but still young colorant, in Proceedings of First International Symposium on Natural Colorants. Francis, F.J., Ed., Hereld Organization, Hamden, CT, 1993. 

Mendez, J. et al.. Color quahty of pigments in cochineals Dactylopius coccus Costa). Geographical characterization using multivariate statistical analysis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 1331, 2004. 

Madsen, H.L. et al.. Cochineal as a colorant in processed pork meat colour matching and oxidative stability. Food Chem., 46, 265, 1993. 

Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Some representative articles refer to isolation and spectrometric analysis or the use of HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and characterize all cochineal pigments. Its active ingredient, carminic acid, was quantified by rapid HPLC-DAD or fluorescence spectrometry. Carminic acid, used as an additive in milk beverages, was separated within 9 min using a high-efficiency CE separation at pH 10.0 after a previous polyamide column solid phase extraction (SPE), ... 

Ponceau 4R (E 124, Cl Food Red 7, Cochineal Red A, New Coccine) is a mono azo dye consisting essentially of trisodium d-2-hydroxy-l-(4-sulfonato-l-naphthy-lazo)-6,8-naphthalenedisulfonate. It is a reddish powder or granules, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol. The absorption maximum is 505 nm in water, E, = 430. It is a suspected carcinogen and cannot be used as a food colorant in the US and other countries. -"... 

The relentless search for new and cheaper colors produced its own casualties. The Empress aldehyde green was swept aside by iodine green, methyl green, malachite green, and so on. Natural dyes were also falling by the wayside. Canary Island farmers who raised cacti for tiny cochineal beetles were bankrupted 70,000 of the dried beetles made only 1 pound of crimson dye, and the new synthetic colors were much cheaper. 

Cocatalyst heterogenization, 16 87 Cocatalysts, metal alkyls, 12 190 20 153 Cocatalyzed baths, 9 801 Coccidiosis, controlling, 20 139 Coccolith exoskeletons, 24 60 Cochineal, colorant in cosmetics, 7 835 Cochromite, 6 47 It... 

Cochineal is a very old colorant. References go back as far as 5000 bc when Egyptian women used it to color their lips. It was introduced to Europe by Cortez who found it in Mexico. Production peaked around 1870 and then declined due to the introduction of synthetic colorants, but it is still a major commodity for Peru, Mexico, and the Canary Islands25,30... 

Cochineal extract is obtained from the bodies of the female cochineal insects, particularly Dactylopius coccus Costa, by treating the dried bodies with ethanol. After removal of the solvent, the dried residue contains about 2-4% carminic acid, the main colored component. The cochineal insects grow on cactus and,... 

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