Insect, cochineal

Cochenillen-farbstoff, m. cochineal dye. rot n. cochineal red. -scharlach, m. cochineal scarlet, -schildlaus, /. cochineal insect. Cochenillesaure, /. cochenillic acid. 

Scharlach, m. scarlet scarlet fever scarlet runner, -beeren,/./>/. kermes berries, kermea. scharlachen, scharlachfarben, a. scarlet. Scharlach-farbe,/. scarlet color or dye. -fieber, n. scarlet fever, scarlatina, scharlachrot, a. scarlet, bright red. Scharlach-rot, n. scarlet cochineal. -wurm, m. cochineal insect. 

Schild-knorpel, m. thyroid cartilage, -kraut, n. skullcap Scutellaria), -krote, /. turtle, tortoise. -laus, /. cochineal insect, -part, n. tortoise shell. 

Waxes are the principal component in traditional varnishes such as shellac, a wax made by the cochineal insect Tachardia lacca. 

Analysis of Quinones from Cochineal Insects Carmine and... 

ANALYSIS OF QUINONES FROM COCHINEAL INSECTS CARMINE AND CARMINIC ACID... 

Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Some representative articles refer to isolation and spectrometric analysis or the use of HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and characterize all cochineal pigments. Its active ingredient, carminic acid, was quantified by rapid HPLC-DAD or fluorescence spectrometry. Carminic acid, used as an additive in milk beverages, was separated within 9 min using a high-efficiency CE separation at pH 10.0 after a previous polyamide column solid phase extraction (SPE), ... 

Carminic acid and carmine, cochineal E 120 Yes Female cochineal insect orange to red, pink to red ... 

Cochineal extract is obtained from the bodies of the female cochineal insects, particularly Dactylopius coccus Costa, by treating the dried bodies with ethanol. After removal of the solvent, the dried residue contains about 2-4% carminic acid, the main colored component. The cochineal insects grow on cactus and,... 

India. Hot water extract of the grain is taken orally for jaundice h Powdered grain is taken orally for typhoid fever. The grain is kept for a month with birbahuti (cochineal insects) before given . Indonesia. The charred stem is immersed in water, and the liquid is taken orally by pregnant women as an abortifacient " . The stem ash is eaten twice daily as an abortifacient L... 

The structure of kermisic acid is l,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-7-carboxy-8-mcrhylanthraquinone. Carminic acid (Cl Natural Red 4 Cl 75470). is a red dye occurring as a glycoside in the body of the cochineal insect Dactylopius coccus of the order Homoptera. family Coecidae, Until the advent of synthetic dyes, the principal use for carminic acid was for dyeing tin-mordanted wool or silk. Its aluminum lake, carmine, finds use in Lhe coloring of foods. The structural formula of carminic acid is (2). 

Carmine Cochineal insect Strawberry red, E120 Excellent Excellent... 

American cochineal. Insect (female) living on the host plant Nopa-lea coccinellifera (L.) SALM-DYCK (torch- or fig-thistle, "nopal plant"), besides on Opuntia monacantha O.TUNA, 0.vulgaris MILL, non auct. mult., and Pe(i)reskia aculeata MILL. 

Polish cochineal. Insect (female) found on roots of the knawel (Scleranthus perennis L.) as host plant. 

Armenian cochineal. Insect (female) that is found on the roots and lower parts of the blades of a number of grass species belonging bo-tanically to Aeluropus litteralis. 

Dyes are intensely colored compounds used in fabrics, plastics, inks, and other products. Dyes were originally extracted from plants or animals and used to color cloth. For example, red carmine (page 2) was extracted from cochineal insects, and blue indigo (the dye used in blue jeans) was extracted from plant material. Both of these dyes are now synthesized in large quantities. The Romans extracted the indigo derivative Tyrian purple (imperial purple) from a sea snail and used the dye to color the robes of emperors and high-ranking senators. 

Four examples of organic compounds in living organisms. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive alkaloid. Rose hips contain vitamin C, essential for preventing scurvy. The red dye carmine comes from cochineal insects, shown on a prickly pear cactus. Opium poppies contain morphine, a pain-relieving, addictive alkaloid. 

Figure 8. Reference spectrum obtained from dark red, almost black, part of cochineal insect (438 scans).

Thanks to the undaunted efforts of Max Saltzman, I was able to obtain a few specimens of the almost extinct kermes species from the cochineal insect researcher Imre Foldi of Paris. I also would like to thank Rotraud Bauer of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna for providing Max Saltzman and me with a sample of the Sicilian coronation robe of the Hohenstauffen emperors. 

In examining these samples, we found evidence of indigo and a red dye in several samples, and the same red dye was found in other fibers. A search of our files of modern dyes showed this to be similar to the modem food colorant. Carmine Cl Natural Red 4, which is obtained from the cochineal insect Dactylopius cacti (formerly called Coccus cacti). Since it is believed that cochineal was known to the Precolumbian Peruvians, we made the comparison, and the curves are shown in Figure 5. Later, we found that William J. Young of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston had found cochineal in Nazca textiles (12). 

Carminic acid, a naturally occurring red pigment extracted from the cochineal insect, contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It was commonly used as a dye in the first half of the nineteenth century. It is 53.66% C and 4.09% H by mass. A titration required 18.02 mL of 0.0406 M NaOH to neutralize 0.3602 g of carminic acid. Assuming that there is only one acidic hydrogen per molecule, what is the molecular formula of carminic acid ... 

Naturally occurring dyestuff, for example, indigo shrub, madder root, cochineal insects, Persian berries, and the like, have been known and used for centuries. These soluble dyes were rendered insoluble in water by treatment with suitable precipitating agents and used as lakes. With the increase in the variety of synthetic dyes available and multiplicity... 

The invention of dyeing lias been attributed to the Phoenicians, probably because it is chronicled that Solomon sent to Hiram of Tyre for a man cunning to work inter alia in purple and crimson and blue. The Tyrian purple was derived from the throats of a species of murex, a molluscous animal, a single drop from each. Other dyes from animal substances include sepia derived from the black secretion of the cuttlefish, and cochineal which consists of dried female cochineal insects, discovered by the Spaniards in 1518. 

Both carmine and cochineal extract are made from the dried female insect, Dactylopius coccus costa, commonly known as cochineal. The cochineal live on specific cacti and the main prodnction is in Pern, bnt cochineal are also produced in Chile, Bolivia and the Canary Islands. There are nsnally two harvests per year, where the cochineal are removed mannally with snitable tools from leaves of the cacti. Following harvest the insects are snn dried before further processing. The cochineal insects are extracted nsing an aqueous alkaline solution. The resnlting cochineal extract can either be formulated to different cochineal products in powder or liquid form or further processed to carmine. Cochineal products are water-soluble and orange in low pH applications. The colour intensity is relatively low. 

Although the drift possibilities with the Apple tree are extensive and engaging, we are no nearer the solution. We must return to the start of the riddle find another drift or current that will lead to a solution. Fulcanelli hinted that we should specially note the Oak tree that nourishes the kerm. This is the Gaulish kerm-oak. It is the scarlet-oak or holly oak ascribed to Nergal and Mars. " The kerm of this tree is actually a scarlet female cochineal insect Coccus ilicis or Kermes vermilio from which the Greeks extracted royal scarlet dye. ... 

When Hernan Cortez arrived in Mexico in 1518, he was intrigued by the beautifully colored Aztec fabrics he saw there. The source of the dye appeared to be seeds on the surface of certain cactus plants, but closer scrutiny revealed that they were not seeds at all. They were little bugs. Today, we know these insects as cochineal and the dye they yield as carmine. Montezuma, the Aztec king, was so fond of wearing robes made of carmine-dyed fabric that he imposed a tax upon his subjects to be paid in dried cochineal insects. 

Cochineal insects are very small, so it takes about seventy thousand females to produce a pound of dye. The males are quite useless in this regard. Like the males of most species, they are duller than the females. They are also rare and live for only a week during their lifetime, they mate with as many females as possible. (Maybe they are not so dull after all.) So, how do the dye makers separate the sexes Well, the males can fly, but the wingless females cannot. When the cactus is disturbed, the males scoot, but the females cannot escape. They are scraped off, destined to color some of our cherry or strawberry ice cream. I know that many of you may not find the prospect of ice cream colored with bug juice appetizing, but it is an effective and safe dye. And, of course, it s all natural. 

Cochineal ka-cho- nel, ko- [MF Sp MF cochenille, ff. OSp cochinilla cochineal insect] (1582) n. Natural organic dyestuff made from the bodies of the female insect. Coccus Cacti, which lives on plants in Central and South America. The coloring principle is known as carminic acid and is generally laked. It is not fast to hght. 

Other colouring materials used since the earliest times include a series of scarlet compounds extracted from insects living on certain species of oak. This source was used in Europe until the sixteenth century, when it was superseded by the cochineal insect introduced by the Spaniards from the New World. 

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