Cis-acting

Schiller, P., Amin, J., Ananthan, J., Brown, M.E., Scott, W.A., Voellmy, R. (1988). Cis acting elements involved in the regulated expression of human hsp70 gene. J. Mol. Biol. 203, 97-105. 

Richardson JH, Child LA, Lever AM (1993) Packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA requires cis-acting sequences outside the 5 leader region, J Virol 67 3997 005 Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Bym RA, Finer MH (1994) Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8-I- T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 84 2878-2889 Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, Loftin S, Li C, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Heslop HE (1995) Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lympho-proliferation. Lancet 345 9-13... 

The cis-acting elements that decrease or repress the expression of specific genes have also been identified. Because fewet of these elements have been smdied, it is not possible to fotmulate genetalizations about their mechanism of action—though again, as for gene activation, chromatin level covalent modifications of histones and other proteins by (repressor)-recruited multisubunit corepressors have been imphcated. 

Saturated hydrocarbons (waxes), fatty acids, metal soaps, fatty acid amides and esters (primarily Cig-Cis) act as internal lubricants, fluoro elastomers as external lubricants. Many other polymer additives, e.g. antistatic agents, antifogs, antioxidants, UV stabilisers, etc., act as lubricants in the barrel of the extruder once they are in the liquid form. 

Bray, S. J., Johnson, W. A., Hirsh, J., Heberlein, U., and Tjian, R. (1988). A cis-acting element and associated binding factor required for CNS expression of the D. melanogaster dopa decarboxylase gene. EMBO J. 7 177-188. 

Ponnazhagan, S., and Kwon, B. S. (1992). A cis-acting element involved in mouse tyrosinase gene expression and partial purification of its binding protein. Pigment Cell Res. 5 155-161. 

Shibata, K Muraosa, Y.,Tomita, Y., Tagami, H and Shibahara, S. (1992). Identification of a cis-acting element that enhances the pigment cell-specific expression of the human tyrosinase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 267 20584-20588. 

Lin X, Parsels LA, Voeller DM et al. Characterization of a cis-acting regulatory element in the protein coding region of thymidylate synthase mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2000 28 1381-1389. 

ADH6 was discovered by nucleotide cross-hybridization, and has not yet been demonstrated as a functional protein. The mRNA is found in liver (both adult and fetal) and stomach. ADH6 has a fully functional promoter, active in both hepatoma cells and fibroblasts [37]. There are several positive cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter, several of which are bound by C/EBP. There is a compound cell-specific regulatory element about 2 kb upstream, that is a positive element in the hepatoma cells and a negative element in fibroblasts [23]. 

Two important cis-acting elements in the ALDH2 promoter have been studied. A site located from 79 to 116 bp upstream of the ATG initiating translation is bound by nuclear factor(s) present in all cells tested the CCAAT box in this region is important for transcriptional activity, and appears to be bound primarily by the transcription factor NF-Y/CP1 [46]. There is a site, approximately 300 bp upstream of the ATG, at which HNF-4 and retinoid X receptors can bind, as can the apolipoproteins regulatory protein (ARP-1) [47, 48]. Transcription from this promoter can be activated by HNF-4 and RXRs [47, 48]. 

Hur M-W, Edenberg HJ. Cell-specific function of cis-acting elements in the regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene expression and effect of the 5 -nontranslated region. J Biol Chem 1995 270 9002-9009. 

Nomoto, M., Gonzalez, F. J., Mita, T., Inoue, N. and Kawamura, M. Analysis of cis-acting regions upstream of the rat Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 1 subunit gene by in vivo footprinting. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995 68-39,1995. 

Often, it is desirable to block expression of particular genes that are activated by transcription factors. The anti-sense knockout experiments are directed toward this end and require the addition of an antisense oligonucleotide, which will anneal to the cis-acting regulatory element for a particular transcription factor in a specific gene. 

It is important to note that not all of the variability in Lp(a) levels can be explained by isoform size variability in Caucasians, only 40-70% of the variation results from differences in the numbers of kringle IV repeats in the gene (B15, B16). Interindividual variation (—22%) also occurs as a result of as yet undefined cis-acting sequences at the apo(a) locus (B15). In some cases, unrelated individuals with the same-sized apo(a) gene and protein have been shown to possess markedly different plasma Lp(a) concentrations (B15, L5) within families, however, the relationship between apo(a) gene size and plasma Lp(a) con-... 

Genes, env DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= gene products, rev), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). [NIH]... 

Dover GJ, Brusilow S, Charache S (1994) Induction of fetal hemoglobin production in subjects with sickle cell anemia by oral sodium phenylbutyrate. Blood 84 339-343 El Kharroubi A, Martin MA (1996) cis-acting sequences located downstream of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter affect its chromatin structure and transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol 16 2958-2966... 

U. K. Laemmli, E. Kas, L. Poljak, and Y. Adachi, Scaffold-associated regions Cis-acting determinants of chromatin structural loops and functional domains. Curr. Opirt Genet. Dev. 2, 275-285 (1992). 

Cis-acting DNA elements can he near the start site of transcription or be quite distanced from it. Fmthermore, there are examples among eucaryotes in which the cis element is foimd within the transcribed region. If the cis element is located far from the site of action and its effect is also orientation-independent, then it is termed an enhancer. Fmthermore, one frequently observes in eucaryotes so called composite control regions which contain various cis elements. In this case, several transcription factors act cooperatively in the initiation of transcription. Examples for such cooperative effects are observed among the genes controlled by nuclear receptors. 

An increase in the basal transcription activity originating from the promoter requires regulatory DNA sequences. These sequences can be proximally or distaUy located and serve as binding sites for transcriptional activators. The cis-acting DNA elements can be found near the promoter in either orientation. They are often termed upstream activating sequences" (UAS). Regulatory sequences can also be located far from the promoter. Their effect is independent of their orientation and they are known as enhancers. 

Primary controlling elements of the transcriptional activity in eucaryotes are specific DNA-binding proteins. They bind cis-acting DNA elements and have a specific influence on the initiation of transcription. 

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