Hybrid crosses

The design and manufacture is described in detail of a dashboard module from polypropylene. The lightweight monomaterial dashboard comprises an outer material of a TPO film, foam backed with an EPP foam. This decorative element, together with a highly integrated composite fibre hybrid cross beam, forms the core element of the lightweight dashboard module. The prototype consists of four individual components, and is designed in such a way that it can be built into and tested in the Mercedes A class car. 3 refs. 

Hybrid crosses were bred from a highly sensitive strain SWR/J mice and AKR/J mice highly resistant to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw weekly with a total of 10 injections. Mice were killed 27 weeks after the first injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The colon tumour incidence in the hybrids and backcrosses is given in Table 15. The interpretation of results by the authors was that susceptibility to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced tumorigenesis is not inherited as a dominant trait and that the kinetic properties of the epithelial cells are not linked to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine susceptibility (Deschner et al, 1988). 

In many instances, the success of interspecific hybrid crosses is limited, although with embryo culture it can often be improved. In a range of crosses, the success rate was increased using a two-stage technique (Chandler and Beard, 1983). The embryos were initially developed on a solid medium, for germination, and then transferred to a liquid medium. Embryos were excised and cultured for 3 to 7 days. 

The domestic donkey Equus asinus) is derived from the wild ass of Africa. This animal is mostly used for riding and as a beast of burden, but it is also eaten and used as a source of milk. The mule is a hybrid cross between a male donkey and a female horse, and is highly prized as a draft and riding animal. However, mules are infertile, and the only way to produce them is to keep crossing horses and donkeys. 

In spite of these hopeful pronouncements and intentions, if one examines carefully many of the agricultural innovations of the twentieth century—innovations that seemed purely technical and hence neutral —one cannot but conclude that many of them created commercial and political monopolies that inevitably diminished the autonomy of the farmer. The revolution in hybrid seeds, particularly corn, had this effect. Since hybrids are either sterile or do not breed "true, the seed company that has bred the parents of the hybrid-cross has valuable property in hybrid seed, which it can sell every year, unlike the open-pollinated varieties which the farmer can select himself. ... 

The NTP currently recommends an FI hybrid cross between two inbred strains, the C57B1/6... 

The LBL, in-situ self-assembled LBL films of PPy, PANI, polyhexylthiophene, and poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDT) and hybrid cross-linked nanocomposite thin film for NOx gas sensing were fabricated [68,70,101-106] for NO2 sensing application. Layered films of conducting polymer nanocomposite films were fabricated similar to the one explained in Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. 

Kaushik A., Khan R., Gupta V., Malhotra B. D., Ahmad S., and Singh S. R, Hybrid cross-linked polyaniline-WOj nanocomposite thin film for NO gas sensing, J. Nanosci. NanotechnoL, 9(3), 1792-1796, 2009. 

The U.S.D.A. carrot improvement program currently includes approximately 50 inbred carrot lines, and annually tests several hundred hybrid crosses and numerous segregating populations. In addition to culinary and nutritive quality parameters, characteristics being improved include root color, shape, and size, disease resistance, root storage ability, uniformity of flowering, and seed production. All of these characteristics must be maintained at an acceptable level while attempting to improve quality. 

The other way for simulating systems over wider spatio-temporal scales consists of employing heterogeneous hybridized cross-scale models. 

Collagen-chi tosan composite stabilized by either a simple carbodiimide crosslinker or a hybrid cross-linking system... 

G.B. Appetecchi, F. Alessandrini, S. Passerini, G. C ticcio, B. Boutevin, F. Guida-RetraSanta, Novel polymeric systems for lithium ion batteries gel electrolytes II. Hybrid cross-linked poly (fluorosilicone-ethyleneoxide), Electro-chimica Acta 50 (22) (2005) 4396-4404. 

Populations of O. nubilalis in North America (which were introduced from unknown European localities several times in the early 1900s) vary in their production and response to the ratio of the two pheromone components, Z11- and Ell-14 Ac. Populations from Iowa and New York, for example, produce and are most attracted to 97 3 and 4 96 ratios, respectively, of the two acetates (Klun et ai, 1973 Kochansky et al., 1976). Isozyme studies of males attracted to these two blends in central Pennsylvania suggest that these strains are not panmictic (Card6 et al., 1975b, 1978 Harrison and Vawter, 1977). In some areas such as Maryland and North Carolina captures of males in traps occur across the spectrum of attractant blends from the predominantly (Z) to ( ) isomer mixes (Klun, 1975 Kennedy and Anderson, 1980). The so-called Z and E strains both occur in Europe, but evidently not in the same localities, so that an allopatric origin of these strains is the most plausible explanation. The Klun and Maini (1979) study of the genetics of pheromone production and laboratory response in hybrid crosses of these strains indicates that the major features of these traits are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance. As White (1978 p. 332-3) notes,... 

Both HTS and BDTCH can be classified as proceeding through the mechanism, which forms heat-stable cross-links that are more resistant to scission. The cross-link has been referred to as a hybrid cross-link in which a hexylmethy-lene dithio group —S —[(CH2)e—S ] — is the bridging group between two polymer chains (45-49). In this scheme, k is presumed to be small. At high sulfur... 

In biology the term hybridization may refer to the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different species. For example, the tigron is a hybrid cross between a female lion and a male tiger. Tigrons have a blend of lion and tiger features, for example, they may show spots and stripes. 

Recently, Enami and co-workers [118] presented a hybrid cross-linked EO polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator with of 0.65 V at 1,550 nm. Such a low value of half wave voltage, which is one of the best results obtained in literature, is related to the combination of a very high electro-optic effect and to the device design that combines physical vertical tapers in the sol-gel core, index tapers in the EO polymer, a suitable electrode structure and a top buffer layer designed for cross-linked EO polymer systems. In such a device also the optical losses result to be reduced with respect to a more traditional configurations. 

Successful copolymerization ofbenzophenone methacrylate and methyl methacrylate allowed to obtain hybrids cross-linkable under UV light. They can have a great potential as dental filling materials with smaller toxicity and higher biocompatibility when compared to those which are currently used. 

Starting from the mildest of the three described aberrations—the apparently transitory mitotic asynchrony in the hamster species hybrids described by Yerganian and Nell (1966)—one must remark, to begin with, that since the percent of viable immediate products of cell fusion ( newborn hybrids ) is unknown, one cannot be entirely sure that the second set of (synchronous ) metaphases observed by these authors represents indeed the progeny of the first (asynchronous ) set, i.e., that we are really dealing with transitory asynchrony. On the other hand, since the hybrid metaphases we observe in the vast majority of our hybridization experiments are certainly not the first mitoses of newborn hybrids, we cannot be sure either that, in all crosses, most of the first hybrid mitoses are not asynchronous. It is possibly significant that in the only case where most of the observed mitoses certainly are the first mitoses of newborn hybrids (crosses of the 3460 X 2472 series, at 29°), up to 50 of the metaphases are asynchronous indeed. 

For example, the generation times of the Syrian hamster cells, 3460-3, the mouse cells, N-2-2, and of their hybrid are, respectively, 20, 35, and 60 hoius. An example of the opposite relationship is observed in the intraspecific hybrid cross Py 27-6 and T 6 (diploid senescent cells), isolated by Yoshida and Ephrussi (1967). The generation times of the parents and hybrid are 27-6, 16.5 hours T 6, several days hybrid, 14.5 hours. It will be noted also that many intraspecific hybrids were isolated without recourse to a selective system, i.e., owing to the rapid overgrowth of both parental cell lines by the hybrids. 

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