Upstream Region

In four cases, immediate upstream sequences do have effects on the efficiency of transcription in vitro. Sequential upstream deletions of the adenovirus major late promoter indicated that sequences between -97 and -62 exerted a threefold effect on the efficiency of transcription in vitro (Hen et al., 1982). A similar analysis of the adenovirus EIII control region indicated that sequences upstream of 

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The human somatostatin gene is located on chromosome 3q28 and contains a single intron of 876 bp in its coding sequence. Its 5 upstream region includes several... 

Arcioni, L., Simeone, A., Guazzi, S., Zappavigna, V., Boncinelli, E., and Mavilio, F. (1992). The upstream region of the human homeobox gene HOX 3D is a target for regulation by retinoic acid and HOX homeoproteins. EMBO J. 11 265-277. 

Lira, S. A., Kinloch, R. A.,Mortillo,S., and Wassarman, P. M. (1990). An upstream region of the mouse ZP3 gene directs expression of firefly luciferase specifically to growing oocytes in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 7215-7219. 

Two-dimensional distributions of ground-state NO were detected by planar laser-induced fluorescence during the process of NO removal in a corona radical shower system in NO/dry air mixtures [57,58], The authors observed that the density of NO molecules decreased not only in the plasma region formed by the corona streamers and the downstream region of the reactor, but also in the upstream region of the reactor. They explained this behaviour by oxidation with ozone, which is transported upstream by electrohydrodynamic flow. 

In this work, we identified a c/.s-acting element associated with the hydA promoter of C. reinhardtii by introducing reporter gene fusions carrying various hydA 5 upstream regions into C. reinhardtii. Our results indicate that a sequence contained within the -128 to -21 region of the hydA promoter is sufficient to confer anaerobic specific gene expression. 

The Xenopus transcription factor IIIA not only acts as an essential RNA polymerase transcription factor for the expression of the 5S rRNA gene, it also binds to the 5S rRNA to form a 7S ribonucleoprotein particle that stabilizes the RNA until it is required for ribosome assembly and facilitates nuclear export of the 5S rRNA. Indeed, it was originally shown to be the protein component associated with 5S rRNA in the 7S particle in Xenopus oocytes before it was recognized as a transcription factor. How, we may ask, can this protein not only recognize specific DNA sequences in the 5S rRNA gene upstream region, but also recognize different, but equally specific, sequences in 5S rRNA ... 

Lowenstein CJ, Alley EW, Raval P, et al. Macrophage nitric-oxide synthase gene-2 upstream regions mediate induction by interferon-gamma and lipopoly-saccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 9730-9734. 

Figure 13.2 Photographs of a vent flow diverter for a 63.5 mm diameter extruder a) top view showing the surface that is exposed to the inside of the extruder, and b) oblique view. The recessed areas that allow for the expansion of the resin are shown by the arrows. The outside edge is flush with the inside barrel wall when installed in the extruder. The opening is positioned in the upstream region in the vent while the tapered recess is in the downstream region...

Figure 6. Regulation of the subtilisin promoter. Shaded areas refer to the promoter and upstream regions of the subtilisin gene. Numbers above the figure indicate base pairs upstream. Activators are shown above the figure, repressors below. Lines indicate possible regions of the DNA involved in binding the regulatory proteins.

The 5 upstream region of the MnP-1 gene contains a TATAAA element 81 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. In addition, three inverted CCAAT elements (ATTGG) ( ) are found at positions -181, -195, and -304 with respect to the initiation codon. We are analyzing the 5 upstream sequence of the MnP-1 gene for other possible regulatory sequence elements. 

With a reaction-limited deposition process, the film should have uniform thickness as long as the partial pressures ofreactants do not vary with position. In a tubular reactor, the conversion of reactants must be kept small or the film thickness will depend on the location of the sohd in the reactor, with upstream regions having a greater deposition rate. It is therefore common to use a gas recirculation reactor (a recycle PFTR) so that the composition of the reactants is independent of position in the reactor to assure uniform film thickness. 

Unlike mammalian MTs, fungal MTs are (essentially) only Cu-inducible (see Tomsett Thurman, 1988). Analyses of the upstream regions of the N. crassa MT gene reveal no homology to mammalian MREs or to sequences adjacent to the yeast gene (Munger et al., 1987). In this case, transcription is induced specifically by Cu. 

Jensen, E.O., Marcker, K.A., Schell, J. de Bruijn, F. (1988). Interaction of a nodule-specific trans-acting factor with the distinct DNA elements in the soybean LbC3 5 upstream region. The EMBO... 

Sequence analysis of the 5 -upstream regions of the genomic DNAs of the type-H and -L isozymes (unpublished results) indicated that in the type-L isozyme gene there is a significantly homologous region with the 5 -upstream region of class II patatin,81 which is... 

Polymorphism of the 5 -upstream region of the human SNAP-25 gene An association analysis with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 43 131-133. 

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