Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia

Figure 14 Relative risk of mortality in Philadelphia, 1973-1980, associated with 100 ig/m of total suspended material (TSP) analyzed by age and specific cause of death (COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia CVP, cardiovascular disease and cancer). (From Ref. 109.)...

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia Others... 

Community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute bronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

Smoking leads to respiratory problems other than lung cancer. It causes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lower resistance to flu and pneumonia. It worsens asthma symptoms in adults and children. As these problems persist, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, airway obstruction) develops. Eighty to 85% of deaths due to COPD are from smoking. The role of nicotine in chronic lung diseases such as COPD, emphysema, and asthma is uncertain. However it is known that nicotine can cause an enzyme to be released which is able to destroy parts of the lungs as is seen in emphysema. 

Nicotine and the other ingredients in tobacco have been cited as causing a variety of fatal illnesses. A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1991 listed the causes of death related to smoking with annual death toll as follows (cardiovascular) heart disease, 150,000 stroke, 26,000 other, 24,000 (cancer) lung, 112,000 other, 31,000 (non-malignant pulmonary disease) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 62,000 other, including pneumonia and influenza, 21,000 for a total of 426,000 fatalities a year directly attributable to tobacco. Further, the CDC points out that tobacco is also responsible for an annual... 

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme CNS central nervous system COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPIs dry-powder inhalers EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EDA Eood and Drug Administration EEVi forced expiratory volume in 1 second HIV human immunodeficiency virus IPS idiopathic pneumonia syndrome NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs... 

Azithromycin, an azalide macrolide antibiotic (500 mg p.o. as a single dose on day 1, followed by 250 mg daily on days 2 to 5 total accumulation dose is 1.5 g), is indicated in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae mild community-acquired pneumonia caused by H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or S. agalactiae second-line therapy of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes and in nongonococcal urethritis or cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. 

The inhalation route is used to have the patient inhale the medication using an inhaler. This is a common route used to administer bronchodilators to patients with breathing problems such as asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 

The standards issue becomes most problematic with patients who have multiple problems. It may be sensible to delay the treatment of pneumonia, for instance, while more urgent investigations and treatments are instituted. An additional problem is that of combining multiple treatments with the risk of adverse drug events and actually producing harm through the application of standard procedures. Wachter (2006) has argued that quality measurement is bewildered by the patient with multiple conditions, which is, of course, most people admitted to hospital and many older people outside hospital. He considers a hypothetical 79-year-old woman with five common diseases hypertension, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ... 

The association between inhaled glucocorticoids and the risk of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was reviewed in SEDA-33 (p. 353) and SEDA-32 (p. 311). This remains a controversial area, and more data have been published. The EIDOS and DoTS descriptions of this putative adverse reaction are shown in Figure 1. 

Singh S, Loke YK. Risk of pneumonia associated with long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a critical review and update. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010 16(2) 118-22. 

Pulmonary conditions that result in impaired ventilation will cause a buildup of CO. Pulmonary problems, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma, and aspiration and severe pneumonia impair the body s ability to remove CO. Conditions that suppress respirations, such as head injuries, drugs (especially anesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors also will decrease CO expiration, resulting in respiratory acidosis. 

Amundsen T, Torheim G, Waage A, Bjermer L, Steen PA, Haraldseth O. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung characterization of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A feasibility study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000 12 224-231. 

Singh S, Amin AV, Loke YK. Long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 2009 169(3) 219-29. 

In the vast majority of patients with DPLD, the symptoms and signs are chronic, i.e., months to years. In some, however, they may be acute (days to weeks) or subacute (weeks to months). These latter processes are often confused with atypical pneumonias since many have diffuse radiographic opacities, fever, or relapses of disease activity. Common diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, mycobacterial and fungal disease, can mimic interstitial lung disease (ILD), and must be ruled out. 

NS = not specified in HICPAC or Kollef guideline COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease G-CSF = granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor CNS = central nervous system NP = nosocomial pneumonia. 

Figure 6 Estimated percentage increase (95% Cl) in hospital admissions for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia associated with each 10- 0,g/m increase in estimated PMio concentration.

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS asthma chronic obstructive lung disease pulmonary fibrosis chronic interstitial pneumonia dyspnea coughing shortness of breath renal failure seizures coma death. 

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