Sodium hydroxide reaction with chlorine

If the ketone has a methyl group containing chlorine, the reaction can take the other possible pathway, and the chlorofluoromcthane can hydrolyze, because of the variable stability of the chlorine-substituted methyl carbanions in alkali. l-Chloroheptafluorobutan-2-one (8), 1,1-di-chlorohexafluorobutan-2-one (9), and l,l,l-trichloropentafluorobutan-2-one (10) on reaction with sodium hydroxide give sodium pentafluoropropanoate (11).174... 

The manufacture of phenols uses quite different types of reactions from those used to make alcohols. One method, introduced in 1924 and still used to a small extent today, involves the chlorination of the benzene ring followed by reaction with sodium hydroxide ... 

Reaction of tris(2-pyridyl)phosphane (8) with chlorine in methylene dichloride or acetonitrile gave chlorotris(2-pyridyl)phosphonium chloride or its covalent isomer tris(2-pyridyl)phosphonium dichloride (20). Treatment of the dichloride derivative with dilute HCl afforded the coupling product, 2,2 -bipyridine (16), whereas tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide (9) was isolated from the reaction with sodium hydroxide. 

Chlorine is used to prepare bleach—dilute solutions of sodium hypochlorite from the reaction with sodium hydroxide and chlorine. Chlorine forms explosive mixtures with ammonia due to the formation of nitrogen trichloride. ... 

Hypochlorite can be produced by the reaction of chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide solution. On-site generation of hypochlorite avoids storage and transport difficulties associated with chlorine gas, and is convenient for many applications, including sewage treatment, sterilisation of water, disinfection, biological growth prevention and enhanced oxidation of, for example, cyanide wastes. The electrochemical generation of hypochlorite has been the subject of several reviews (see [84]). 

As shown in Scheme 7.38 for menthyl chloride [(li ,3i ,45 )-3-chloro-4-(l-methylethyl)methyl-cyclohexane], the isomer in which all of the substituents are (preferentially) equatorial, antiperiplanar elimination can only occur when the ring flexes into the less stable conformation where all groups are axial. As shown in the scheme, there is only one proton that is both axial and p to the chlorine. Thus, there is only one E2 elimination product on reaction with sodium hydroxide in ethanol. 

Starch oxidation was investigated as early as 1829 by Liebig. The objective, as with other modifications, was to obtain a modified granular starch. The oxidant commonly employed is sodium hypochlorite, prepared from chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide. This reaction is exothermic and external cooling must be provided during preparation of the oxidant. 

The cleavage products of several sulfonates are utilized on an industrial scale (Fig. 3). The fusion of aromatic sulfonates with sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2J and other caustic alkalies produces phenohc salts (see Alkylphenols Phenol). Chlorinated aromatics are produced by treatment of an aromatic sulfonate with hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate [7775-09-9J. Nitriles (qv) (see Supplement) can be produced by reaction of a sulfonate with a cyanide salt. Arenesulfonates can be converted to amines with the use of ammonia. This transformation is also rather facile using mono- and dialkylamines. 

Reaction of 5-chloro-l,2,4-triazolo[l,5-c]pyrimidines (165) with sodium hydroxide, thiourea, or hydrazine hydrate (79AJC1585) or with sodium azide (85EUP152841) also caused the displacement of the chlorine atom to... 

The epoxy resin component is made by a 2-stage process involving reaction of l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorhydrin) with isocyanuric acid to give the l,3,5-tris(2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl) derivative, which is then treated with sodium hydroxide to eliminate hydrogen chloride to form the title compound. One batch contained more than the normal amount of hydroly sable chlorine, and when excess epichlorhydrin was distilled off, the residual material decomposed with explosive violence. It was later established that the abnormal chlorine content was associated with reduced thermal stability, and criteria for hydrolysable chlorine, epoxy content and pH have been set to prevent distillation of off-spec, material. 

The chlorine bound to the carbon black surface can be used for further reactions. On fusion with sodium hydroxide, it was completely removed. A large part had been replaced by CN groups after fusion with sodium cyanide or treatment with copper (I) cyanide (69). Reaction was observed also with ammonia. However, no amino groups could be detected on the surface by the nsiinl methods. 

Diclofenac Diclofenac, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-phenylacetic acid (3.2.42), is synthesized from 2-chIorobenzoic acid and 2,6-dichloroaniline. The reaction of these in the presence of sodium hydroxide and copper gives iV-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)anthranyIic acid (3.2.38), the carboxylic group of which undergoes reduction by lithium aluminum hydride. The resulting 2-[(2,6-dicholorphenyl)-amino]-benzyl alcohol (3.2.39) undergoes further chlorination by thionyl chloride into 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-ben-zylchloride (3.2.40) and further, upon reaction with sodium cyanide converts into... 

For the paraffin, a highly acid-treated oil having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of 40 to 50 seconds at 100° F. is preferred. Reaction is rapid at 200° F. using about 1.7 parts by weight of sulfur dioxide and 0.9 part by weight of chlorine for each part of paraffin. The resulting sulfonyl chloride is neutralized with sodium hydroxide and separated from unreacted oil prior to drying. 

Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), best known as household bleach, are prepared by reaction of sodium hydroxide with chlorine ... 

These polymers are typically prepared by reaction of sodium polysulfide with a formal. Bis(2-chloroelhy(formal) is commonly used, but some tn functional chlorinated hydrocarbon with its associated higher functionality is typically also added to promote branching. The sodium poly sulfide is usually made by the direct reaction of sodium hydroxide with sulfur at temperatures near 120 °C, as shown in reaction (9) 62... 

Crystalline paraperiodic acid, H5I06, which is hygroscopic and readily soluble in water, is commercially available. Most of the salts of periodic acid are characterized by their slight solubility in water. For oxidation experiments sodium metaperiodate, NaIC>4, is the most suitable salt because of its solubility in water (9.3% at 20° and 12.6% at 25°).99 Sodium metaperiodate is commercially available and also can be obtained readily from the slightly soluble trisodium paraperiodate, Na3H2I06, by crystallization from nitric acid in the ratio of 150 cc. of water and 45 cc. of concentrated nitric add to 100 g. of salt.9 Trisodium paraperiodate is formed in 90% yield by the reaction of bromine and sodium iodide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 80°.100 It is also produced in 80% yield by the oxidation of sodium iodate with chlorine in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.99 In connection with this preparation of trisodium paraperiodate from sodium iodate, it should be noted that in the usual periodate oxidation reactions the periodate is converted quantitatively into iodate. Paraperiodic acid has been prepared in about 93% yield from trisodium paraperiodate " 1 it has been prepared also by the electrolytic oxidation 191 >192 of iodic add. 

Of the large number of possible ways of synthesizing alkanesulfonates, only sulfochlorination of alkanes (conversion with sulfur dioxide and chlorine to form alkane sulfonyl chlorides and their saponification with sodium hydroxide Table 1, entry 10) and sulfoxidation (reaction with sulfur dioxide and oxygen and neutralization of the sulfonic acids Table 1, entry 11) are of industrial importance [18]. 

In presence of fluorides the exchange reactions are reversible. This is not the case in presence of stoichiometric bases. The stoichiometry with sodium hydroxide is such that 3 moles of base are consumed for each mole of chlorinated product (equation 78) ... 

Epoxy resin can have varying amounts of inorganic material remaining in the product after its synthesis. One of these is sodium chloride, which is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with epichlorohydrin molecules, as described in Chap. 2. This is important in electrical applications because the sodium salt can be hydrolyzed and can degrade electrical properties. Some epoxy resin manufacturers will offer special ultrapure electrical grades or low-chlorine grades of epoxy resins for application where this is an important factor. 

In an early study the rates of reaction of fluorine oxide (F2O) with sodium hydroxide were investigated. Discussion of hydrolytic decomposition of the other halogens may conveniently begin with the temperature-jump study by Eigen and Kustin. This showed that the only significant steps for chlorine and bromine involve the intermediate X2OH , viz. 

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