Cyanide sodium, reaction with

Sodium cyanide, reaction with chioro-trifluoroethylene to form 3-chloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropionic add, 40, 11... 

Potassium cyanide, KCN, is a cyanide salt that is found as a white, amorphous, deliquescent lump or crystalline mass with a faint odor of bitter almonds. It is soluble in water and has a speciflc gravity of 1.52. It is a poison that is absorbed through the skin. Target organs are the same as for sodium cyanide. Reaction with acids releases flammable and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. The four-digit UN identification number is 1680. The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 0, and reactivity... 

Molten sodium cyanide reacts with strong oxidizing agents such as nitrates and chlorates with explosive violence. In aqueous solution, sodium cyanide is oxidized to sodium cyanate [917-61 -3] by oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or hypochlorous acid. The reaction with chlorine in alkaline solution is the basis for the treatment of industrial cyanide waste Hquors (45) ... 

The known dibromide 464 was converted in good yield to the dinitrile 465 by reaction with buffered potassium or sodium cyanide. Reaction of 2,5-dimethoxycarbonyl-3,4-dicyanomethylthiophene 465 with thionyl chloride and selenium oxychloride gave thieno[3,4-f]thiophene 466 and selenolo[3,4-f]thiophene 467, respectively (Scheme 57) <2002JOC2453>. In the case of thionyl chloride as the sulfur transfer reagent, an intermediate sulfoxide 468 must be involved, which then suffers a spontaneous base-catalyzed Pummerer reaction to give 466 in high yield. 

Amide Sodamide, sodamine, NaNH , white solid, formed by reaction of sodium metal and dry NH3 gas at 350°C, or by solution of the metal in liquid ammonia, Reacts with carbon upon heating, to form sodium cyanide, and with nitrous oxide to form sodium azide, NaN3. 

Reaction XXXIX. Fusion of the Salts of Aromatic Sulphonic Adds with Sodium Cyanide or with Sodium Formate.—These are important reactions which result in the formation of nitriles and carboxylic acids. 

The bulk material may ignite or explode in storage. Traces of water may initiate the reaction. A rapid exothermic decomposition above 175°C releases oxygen and chlorine. Moderately explosive in its solid form when heated. Explosive reaction with acetic acid + potassium cyanide, amines, ammonium chloride, carbon or charcoal + heat, carbon tetrachloride + heat, N,N-dichloromethyl-amine + heat, ethanol, methanol, iron oxide, rust, 1-propanethiol, isobutanethiol, turpentine. Potentially explosive reaction with sodium hydrogen sulfate + starch + sodium carbonate. Reaction with acetylene or nitrogenous bases forms explosive products. 

A problem organic chemists face in the laboratory is finding a solvent that will dissolve all the reactants needed for a given reaction. For example, if we want cyanide ion to react with 1-bromohexane, we encounter a problem Sodium cyanide is an ionic compound that is soluble only in water, whereas the alkyl halide is insoluble in water. Therefore, if we mix an aqueous solution of sodium cyanide with a solution of 1-bromohexane in a nonpolar solvent, there will be two distinct phases—an aqueous phase and an organic phase—because the solutions are immiscible. How, then, can sodium cyanide react with the alkyl halide ... 

Cyanoboration (4, 445-447 5, 446-447) ketone synthesis. Symmetrical ketones can be prepared in high yield by conversion of trialkylboranes into sodium trialkylcyanoborates (1) by reaction with sodium cyanide. Reaction of (1) with an electrophile (an imidoyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, or especially,... 

Both potassium and sodium cyanide react with alkyl halides to give excellent yields of the nitrile in the solvent DMSO. When the reaction is done in refluxing alcohol or when certain other metal cyan-ides are used, an isomeric product (see 4) is often observed called an isonitrile (isocyanide). Isonitriles were first reported... 

For example, sodium cyanide reacted with 5-ethoxy-3-ethyl-2-phenyloxazolium tetrafluoroborate 1065 in the absence of a dipolarophile and unexpectedly produced ethyl hippurate (Scheme 1.282). Mechanistically, they rationalized this result by initial addition of cyanide at C(2) to produce 1066. Ring opening of 1066 then generated the azomethine ylide 1067 that, in the S-conformation, undergoes intramolecular A-deethylation to yield the ketene acetal 1068 (not isolated). Chromatographic purification of the reaction mixture effected hydrolysis of 1068 with concomitant loss of HCN and C2H5OH to produce ethyl hippurate. 

Polymerization of propynaldehyde (CH=C-CH=0) is also unique. In dimethylformamide at O °C with sodium cyanide or with tri-n-butyl phosphine catalysts, the reactions yield polymers composed of two different structural units. One is a polyaldehyde and the other is a polyacetylene. The reaction in tetrahydrofuran, however, at -78 °C with sodium cyanide catalyst results in a crystalline poly(ethynyl oxymethylene). Radical initiated polymerizations of this monomer at 60 °C, on the other hand, proceed through the acetylenic group only. 

When sodium cyanide mixes with water and comes in contact with aquatic species, the results are also detrimental to the health of the species. When mixed with water, sodium cyanide can undergo two possible reactions Kirk-Othmer, 1993). 

Sodium cyanide reacts with 1,2-dichloroethane to produce 2-chloropropionitrile in this reaction (Kirk-Othmer, 1979a) ... 

Sodium cyanide reacts with chloroethane by the following equation. When the concentration of cyanide ion is tripled, the reaction rate triples. When the concentration of chloroethane doubles, the reaction rate doubles. What is the overall kinetic order of the reaction Write the rate equation for the reaction. 

Rhodium.—Sodium cyanide reacts with [RhCl(CO)a]2 in methanol to form [RhH(CN)s] . A transient intermediate, [Rh(CN)J , has now been detected in this reaction. This intermediate decays by oxidatively adding HCN to form [RhH(CN)5] . The activation parameters for this oxidative-addition reaction are A/f = 1.8 kcal mol and = —42 cal deg mol. This entropy of activation is characteristic of other oxidative-adcUtion reactions and is consistent with a considerable loss of freedom in the transition state, as would be expected for the addition of one molecule to another. For the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to [Rh(CN)4] , = 8.4 kcal mol and... 

Cuprous cyanide solution. The most satisfactory method is to dissolve the cuprous cyanide (1 mol) in a solution of technical sodium cyanide (2 5-2-6 mols in 600 ml. of water). If it is desired to avoid the preparation of solid cuprous cyanide, the following procedure may be adopted. Cuprous chloride, prepared from 125 g. of copper sulphate crystals as described under 1 above, is suspended in 200 ml. of water contained in a 1-litre round-bottomed flask, which is fitted with a mechanical stirrer. A solution of 65 g. of technical sodium cyanide (96-98 per cent.) in 100 ml. of water is added and the mixture is stirred. The cuprous chloride passes into solution with considerable evolution of heat. As the cuprous cyanide is usually emplo3 ed in some modification of the diazo reaction, it is usual to cool the resulting solution in ice. 

Zinc cyanide. Solutions of the reactants are prepared by dis solving 100 g. of technical sodium cyanide (97-98 per cent. NaCN) in 125 ml. of water and 150 g. of anhydrous zinc chloride in the minimum volume of 50 per cent, alcohol (1). The sodium cyanide solution is added rapidly, with agitation, to the zinc chloride solution. The precipitated zinc cyanide is filtered off at the pump, drained well, washed with alcohol and then with ether. It is dried in a desiccator or in an air bath at 50°, and preserved in a tightly stoppered bottle. The yield is almost quantitative and the zinc cyanide has a purity of 95-98 per cent. (2). It has been stated that highly purified zinc cyanide does not react in the Adams modification of the Gattermann reaction (compare Section IV,12l). The product, prepared by the above method is, however, highly satisfactory. Commercial zinc cyanide may also be used. 

Equip a 1-litre three-necked flask with a mechanical stirrer, a separatory funnel and a thermometer. Place a solution of 47 g. of sodium cyanide (or 62 g. of potassium cyanide) in 200 ml. of water in the flask, and introduce 58 g. (73-5 ml.) of pure acetone. Add slowly from the separatory fumiel, with constant stirring, 334 g. (275 ml.) of 30 per cent, sulphuric acid by weight. Do not allow the temperature to rise above 15-20° add crushed ice, if necessary, to the mixture by momentarily removing the thermometer. After all the acid has been added continue the stirring for 15 minutes. Extract the reaction mixture with three 50 ml. portions of ether, dry the ethereal extracts with anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulphate, remove most of the ether on a water bath and distil the residue rapidly under diminished pressure. The acetone cyanohydrin passes over at 80-82°/15 mm. The yield is 62 g. 

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