Grades chlorine

A key property associated with chlorinated paraffins, particularly the high chlorine grades, is nonflammability, which has led to their use as fire-retardant additives and plasticizers in a wide range of polymeric materials. The fire-retardant properties are considerably enhanced by the inclusion of antimony trioxide. 

Benzyl Alcohol Phenylmethanol or Hydroxytol-uene (called l -Oxy-T-methyl-benzol and benzyl chloride with Na or K carbonate in soln or by other methods. There are two commercial products technical grade and "FFC (free from chlorine) grade(Ref 3). Toxicity and fire hazard are discussed in Ref 5. It is used extensively in many branches of the chem industries, such as, for the manuf of esters(acetic, benzoic, sebacic, etc), as a solvent for cellulose esters ethers, etc. During WW I, it was used in a "dope for airplane fabrics... 

Epoxy resin can have varying amounts of inorganic material remaining in the product after its synthesis. One of these is sodium chloride, which is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with epichlorohydrin molecules, as described in Chap. 2. This is important in electrical applications because the sodium salt can be hydrolyzed and can degrade electrical properties. Some epoxy resin manufacturers will offer special ultrapure electrical grades or low-chlorine grades of epoxy resins for application where this is an important factor. 

Grade Free-from-chlorine grade, which should have an ester content of 97% but for which lower-grade material is sometimes substituted technical grade, which is not free from chlorine and for which ester content varies considerably FCC. 

The IISRP listings also include two crosslinked, one brominated and two chlorinated grades of butyl rubber, but three additional grades of halobutyl rubber have become commercially available since the listings were compiled. 

Bromine. The commercial product may be dried (and partially purified) by shaking with an equal volume of concentrated sulphuric acid, and then separating the acid. Chlorine, If present, may be removed by fractionation in an all-glass apparatus from pure potassium bromide the b.p. is 59°/760 mm. The analytical reagent grade is satisfactory for most purposes where pure bromine is required. 

Several commercial grades are available fine crystals of 99 to 100% purity, large crystals, pressed lumps, rods, and granular material. Double-Decomposition Methods. Double-decomposition processes all iavolve the reaction of sodium chloride, the cheapest chlorine source, with an ammonium salt. The latter may be suppHed directiy, or generated in situ by the reaction of ammonia and a supplementary iagredient. Ammonium chloride and a sodium salt are formed. The sodium salt is typically less soluble and is separated at higher temperatures ammonium chloride is recovered from the filtrate by cooling. 

Chloride Process. In the chloride process (Fig. 3), a high grade titanium oxide ore is chlorinated in a fluidized-bed reactor in the presence of coke at 925-1010°C ... 

Under typical chlorination conditions, most elements are chlorinated. Therefore, for every metric ton of titanium tetrachloride produced, lower grade feedstocks requite more chlorine. Minor impurities such as alkaline-earths, where the chlorides are relatively involatile, may either inhibit bed-fluidization or cause blockages in the equipment and requite particular consideration regarding feedstock specification. 

Dichloroethane, an important intermediate for vinyl chloride production, is produced by catalytic chlorination of ethylene in either vapor or Hquid phase or by oxychlorination of ethylene. Thermal dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane produces vinyl chloride and coproduct hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride is commonly recycled to an oxychlorination unit to produce 1,2-dichloroethane or is processed into sales-grade anhydrous or aqueous hydrogen chloride. 

A representative technical grade of methyl chloride contains not more than the following indicated quantities in ppm of impurities water, 100 acid, such as HCl, 10 methyl ether, 20 methanol, 50 acetone, 50 residue, 100. No free chlorine should be detectable. Traces of higher chlorides are generally present in methyl chloride produced by chlorination of methane. The boiling point should be between —24 and —23° C, and 5—95% should distill within a range of about 0.2°C. It should be clear, colorless, and free from visible impurities. 

The physical properties of methylene chloride are Hsted in Table 1 and the binary a2eotropes in Table 2. Methylene chloride is a volatile Hquid. Although methylene chloride is only slightly soluble in water, it is completely miscible with other grades of chlorinated solvents, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. It dissolves in most other common organic solvents. Methylene chloride is also an excellent solvent for many resins, waxes, and fats, and hence is well suited to a wide variety of industrial uses. Methylene chloride alone exhibits no dash or fire point. However, as Htde as 10 vol % acetone or methyl alcohol is capable of producing a dash point. 

A good technical grade of carbon tetrachloride contains not more than the following amounts of impurities 1 ppm acidity as HCl, 1 ppm carbon disulfide if manufactured by carbon disulfide chlorination, 20 ppm bromine, 200 ppm water, and 150 ppm chloroform. The residue should not exceed 10 ppm on total evaporation. The product should give no acid reaction with bromophenol blue, and the starch iodine test should indicate the absence of free chlorine. 

Apart from added stabilizers, commercial grades of trichloroethylene should not contain mote than the following amounts of impurities water 100 ppm acidity, ie, HCl, 5 ppm insoluble residue, 10 ppm. Free chlorine should not be detectable. Test methods have been estabUshed by ASTM to determine the following characteristics of trichloroethylene acid acceptance, acidity or alkalinity, color, corrosivity on metals, nonvolatile-matter content. 

The feed streams should be reasonably pure to limit yield losses and protect the purity of the final products. Typically, polymer-grade propylene with 99.5% purity is employed propane impurity can react to undesirable 1-chloropropane (bp 46.6°C), which is very difficult to separate from aHyl chloride (bp 45°C). Both propylene and chlorine should be dry to prevent corrosion in downstream equipment where mixtures with HCl occur. 

Chlorinated paraffins with the general molecular formula x 2x-y+2) have been manufactured on a commercial basis for over 50 years. The early products were based on paraffin wax feedstocks and were used as fine retardants and plasticizers in surface coatings and textile treatments and as extreme pressure—antiwear additives in lubricants. The development of chlorinated paraffins into new and emerging technologies was constrained principally because of the limitations of grades based on paraffin wax and the lack of suitable alternative feedstocks to meet the demands of the new potential markets. 

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