Sodium with chlorine

Although chlorination with sodium dichloroisocyanurate is still by far the most commonly used method of shrink-resist finishing, there is considerable concern over the environmental influence of its AOX contribution. For this reason, its usefulness could decline in future and there has been considerable investigation of alternatives to this attractively cost-effective treatment. 

Also, it may be prepared by the reaction of chlorine with sodium chlorite 2NaC102 + CI2 -> 2CIO2 + 2NaCl... 

Only a few exchange reactions of substituents directly bound to the heterocyclic ring have been reported. Gompper has studied the nucleophilic substitution of bromo- and chloro-l,2,3-triazines and observed replacement of bromine or chlorine with sodium ethoxide, sodium ethanethiolate and amines. In most cases yields are quantitative. With the trihalo compound, first the 4-mono- then the 4,6-di-substituted derivative is obtained (79CB1529). Reaction of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4,6-bis(dimethylamino)-l,2,3-triazinium iodide (61) with malononitrile affords compound (62). Compounds of the general structure (63) are hydrolyzed to l,2,3-triazin-5(2//)-ones (64) (79CB1535). 

Within the first pathway, reduction of the nitrile was facilitated by preliminary methylation with dimethylbromonium hexafluoroantimonate in liquid sulfur dioxide and subsequent methanolysis to the iminoether, which was treated with sodium cyanoborohydride (Scheme 20). The secondary amine 191 was chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite to the corresponding iV-chloroamine to enable titanium... 

Household chlorine bleach is made by reacting chlorine gas or liquid chlorine with sodium hydroxide to form sodium hypochlorite. 

B) the reaction of chlorine with sodium bromide solution, resulting in the displacement of bromine... 

Most of the world s production of iodine comes from the saltpeter deposits in Chile and natural brines in Japan. In Chile, calcium iodate is found in caliche deposits extracted from open pit mines in the Atacama Desert. Applying an alkaline solution to the caliche yields sodium iodate and iodine is obtained from the sodium iodate by reduction with sulfur dioxide. In Japan, iodine is a by-product of the production of natural gas, which is extracted from brine deposits a mile or two below ground. Iodine is recovered from the brines by one of the following two methods. In the blowout process elemental iodine is liberated as a result of the reaction of chlorine with sodium iodide in the brines. Elemental iodine is blown out of the brine with air and then purified in subsequent reaction steps. The second method, ion exchange, involves recovery of dissolved iodine from oxidized brines using anion-exchange resins packed in columns. In 2010, Chile produced 18 000 metric tons of iodine, compared to Japan s output of 9800 metric tons. Chile has reserves of 9 million metric tons, some 60% of the world s total reserves of iodine [10],... 

Seawater supply is from an intake 20 m below the water surface, about 1.5 km offshore and 2.2 km from the RO plant. The supply tunnel is about 70 m below the ground surface. The pre-treatment train includes chlorination, polyelectrolyte and ferrous sulphate coagulation/flocculation, acid dosage, dual-media filtration, anti-sealant addition, acid, cartridge filtration and sodium metabisulphite (e.g. see Figures 3.31 and 3.32]. The RO system is a two-pass unit. Post-treatment includes CO2 and lime treatment and chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. The desalinated product water TDS is 220 mg/1 with maximum boron concentration of 1 mg/1. 

HEAT OF REACTION OF CHLORINE WITH SODIUM HYDROXYDE LIQUOR kJ/kg of CI2 1462... 

The Dow process involves the reaction of chlorine with sodium hydroxide to produce HOCl and sodium chloride. Chlorine gas is absorbed into the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide by a liquid-side mass transfer limited process. Once... 

Properties of Chlorine Chlorine gas has a pale greenish-yellow color. It is a very reactive oxidizing agent and supports the combustion of many substances in a manner similar to oxygen. We discussed the reactions of chlorine with sodium and antimony in Chapter 2. ... 

Gaseous chlorine dioxide, CIO2, is used to bleach flour and in water treatment. It is produced by the reaction of chlorine with sodium chlorite Clj + 2 NaC102 2 CIO2 + 2 NaCl. How many liters of ClOj, measured at 0.961 atm and 31°C, will be produced by 283 L CI2 at 2.92 atm and 21 °C ... 

Chlorine reacts with sodium cyanide and sodium thiocyanate to produce cyanogen chloride and thiocyanogen chloride. The reaction of chlorine with sodium thiosulfate [7772-98-7] (Antichlor) is used to remove free chlorine from solutions. 

On-site generation is necessary because the compressed liquid is explosive at room temperature. It is an unstable gas and, therefore, is not stored or sent in bulk. It is most commonly produced by reacting chlorine with sodium chlorite. There are several generation system choices using chlorine solution, chlorine gas and chlorite solution, or solid chlorite (Figure 3-11). Chlorite solution spills should be neutralized with sodium sulfite. Do not use sodium bisulfite. 

Amperometric titration (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater [Eaton and Franson 2005], method 4500) of the generator effluent is used to determine the concentration of the various products of the reaction of chlorine with sodium chlorite. This test method determines the concentration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate, and excess chlorine. The ratio of chlorine dioxide to the total of all chemical species is the efficiency. 

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