Chlorine pollution control

As many emissions involve chlorinated compounds, corrosion is a major problem in many control methods. The corrosion of columns and surface condensers can be prevented or reduced by the correct material selection. However, corrosion remains a constant threat to the interior of incinerators. Additional pollution control equipment such as scrubbers may also be required to remove acidic compounds from treated gases before discharging into the atmosphere. 

Kawahara FK, Lichtenberg JJ, Eichelberger JW. 1967. Thin-layer and gas chromatographic analysis of parathion and methyl parathion in the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons. J Water Pollut Control Fed 39 446-457. 

HC1 is an acidic gas that forms when chlorinated organic compounds in hazardous wastes are burned. An incinerator burning hazardous waste cannot emit more than 1.8 kg of HCl/h or more than 1% of the total HC1 in the stack gas prior to entering any pollution control equipment, whichever is larger. 

Possible environmental applications of NIR probes include the measurement of trace amounts of metal pollutants in surface and ground waters and water saturated soils and sediments and the detection of lead, chromium, and other heavy metal ions for efforts in pollution control. Also OFCD could assist in the determination of caustic soda and chlorine contents in wastewaters. 

Under USEPA s BIF mle, manufacturers are required to closely monitor numerous conditions in the kiln and to observe limits on the following aspects of the process (a) the maximum feed rate of hazardous waste fuel (b) the maximum feed rate of metals from both raw materials and fuels (c) the maximum feed rate of chlorine from raw materials and fuels (d) the maximum feed rate of raw materials (e) the maximum temperature at the inlet to the air pollution control devices (f) the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the flue gas (g) the maximum temperature in the combustion zone or minimum temperature at the kiln inlet and (h) any decrease of pressure at the baghouses or any decline in the strength of the electric field of electrostatic precipitators (both are types of air pollution control devices). 

Aieta EM, Berg JD, Roberts PV, et al. 1980. Comparison of chlorine dioxide and chlorine in wastewater disinfection. J Water Pollut Control Fed 52(4) 810-824. 

Hill, D. W., and P. L. McCarty, Anaerobic degradation of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides , J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 39,1259-1277 (1967). 

Reverse osmosis is nsed as a method of desalting seawater, recovering wastewater from paper mill operations, pollution control, industrial water treatment, chemical separations, and food processing. This method involves application of pressure to the surface of a saline solution, thus forcing pure water to pass from the solution through a membrane that is too dense to permit passage of sodium and chlorine ions. Hollow fibers of cellulose acetate or nylon are used as membranes, since their large surface area offers more efficient separation. 

In January and March of 1988, Radian Corporation made a comprehensive series of performance measurements on the air pollution control system at Modesto (47). As shown in Table 12, the measurements included chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDD), chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenols (PCB), total hydrocarbons (THC), ammonia, NOx, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. 

The effect of chlorination on selected organic chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Series, Project 12020 EXE. 104 pages. 

Supplement to the 15 th edn. of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. Selected Analytical Methods Approved and Cited by the US Environmental Protection agency. American Public Health Association, American Waterworks Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, Sept. (1978). Methods S60 and S63. Methods for benzidine, chlorinated organic compounds, pentachlorophenol and pesticides in water and waste water (Interim, Pending issuance of methods for organic analysis of water and wastes, Sept. 1978), Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (EMSL). 

US Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. FWPCA Method for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Water and Wastewater, Cincinnati, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 29 pp. (1969). 

Gillham RW. In situ treatment of groundwater metal-enhanced degradation of chlorinated organic contaminants. Recent Advances in Ground-Water Pollution Control and Remediation, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Kemer, Antalya, Turkey. New York Kluwer Academic, 1996 249-274. 

A great advantage of electrochemical reactions compared with chemical conversions is the effective contribution to pollution control. The direct electron transfer from the electrode to the substrate avoids the problem of separation and waste treatment of the frequently toxic end products of the chemical oxidants or reductants. Furthermore, by electrodialysis, organic acids or bases can be regenerated from their salts without the use of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide, for example, which lead to the coproduction of sodium salts or sulfates as waste [79]. At the same time, inorganic acids and bases, necessary for chemical production, are provided by this process. An application of electrodialysis has been demonstrated in the preparation of methoxyacetic acid by oxidation of methoxyethanol at the nickel hydroxide electrode [80]. Finally, unwanted side products can be converted into the wanted product, which increases the economy of the process and reduces the problem of waste separation and treatment. This is accomplished in the manufacture of chloroacetic acid by chlorination of acetic acid. There the side product dichloroacetic acid, formed by overchlorination, is cathodically converted to chloroacetic acid [81]. 

The readers are referred to new references (46-49) and US governmental reports (50-59) for modem site remediation technologies. For completion of a successful site remediation project, all aspects of environmental pollution control (air, noise, water, and soil) must be considered. Oxidation chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, and/or inert. The oxidizing agents most commonly used are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide (46,47). Figme 3 shows a typical chemical oxidation system for site remediation. 

In addition to the above, an increase in plastics in hospital waste streams has occurred during the last decade. Plastics may account for as much as 30% of a hospital waste stream. Unfortunately, incinerating plastics normally increases the chlorine content of the exiting flue gas. This creates a need for air pollution control devices to remove chlorine compounds. 

Water pollution due to discharge of toxic chemical wastes is closely regulated by both the EPA and FDA. Such substances are defined in the 1972 amendment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as those which will cause death, disease, cancer, or genetic malfunctions in any organisms with which they come into contact. Substances added to water for purification purposes (chlorine, aluminum sulfate, etc.) are excluded from the category of pollutants. See Environmental Protection Agency air pollution water pollution. 

The process of meto-phenoxy benzaldehyde from m-cresol via chlorination was developed in a laborator-y/bench scale for Atul by Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India but it was never commercialized. A cheap source of chlorine and adequate pollution control facilities might make the process attractive. 

Spence JW, Hanst PL. 1978. Oxidation of chlorinated ethanes. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 38 250-253. 

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