Chemical conversions with

ClO-BrO detector chemical conversion with reagent NO to Cl or Br resonance fluorescence detection of atoms 45... 

Most fine chemical syntheses involve multiple steps including protection, catalysis, and deprotection operations. In those cases where exquisite enantio- or regioselectivity or specificity is demanded, then biocatalysis will be considered. The mild conditions often used for biocatalysis confer the added advantage of overcoming the need for protection and deprotection in many cases.4 Nevertheless, the enzymatic process will usually be one or at best a few steps, in an otherwise 10-20-step synthesis. Consequently, biocatalytic reactions are most normally preceded and followed by a chemical conversion. With this in mind, implementation needs to consider the integration of the biocatalytic step with the neighboring operations. 

An X-ray study(20) of (+)-24 (R = OH R1 = Me or H) (1.R) suggested a configurational relationship between it and (+)-5b (5.R) (p. 218). Thus, the dominant biological activity resides in compounds that are stereochemically related. This relationship was confirmed by the chemical conversion, with retention of configuration, of the quaternary l-aryl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (26) to (+)-5b, Scheme 5.7. 

The next step is chemical conversion with the aid of model compounds containing a given functional group and compounds of other classes for determining the selectivity of the reaction being used. 

The principle of stationary (or instationary) is also applied to the atmospheric budget of trace species, regarding F+ the source term (emission Q) and F the total removal term R (deposition and chemical conversion). With the definition of the residence time (see Chapter 4.5 for more details) it follows from Eq. (4.96) that ... 

Chitosan fungi wall membrane (Mucor rouxil), commercially derived from chitin by chemical conversion with strong alkali 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucosc (D-N-glucosamine) in /I (1-4) linkage, cationic... 

Membrane reactors combine chemical conversion with a membrane separation step (see Section 5.2.4). Within the field of fuel processing membranes, reactors are usually either combined with the reforming step or with a water-gas shift, as described in Section 7.2.3. 

Ionic character can be introduced into a network in much the same way as crosslinking. Polyelectrolytes can be incorporated into the network by chemical crosslinking or non-covalent ionic interactions ionic monomers can be copolymerized with nonionic monomers or nonionic polymers can be converted to ionic ones by chemical conversion, with the hydrolysis of polyacrylamide to poly acryllc acid) being one example. 

For a chemical conversion with a rate function of order 1, in accordance with (4.134), the following equation is valid ... 

A description of the physical and chemical conversions with their heat effects, including mass transfer between the solids and bulk gas phases. 

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