Chemical separation methods novel

Very recently, we reported on a novel chemical encoding method that uses separate coding tags with a cleavable linker in the bead interior. These coding tags can be released for decoding with mass spectrometry.16... 

The individual self-contained volumes will each encompass a closely related field of applications and will demonstrate those methods which have found the widest applications in the area. The emphasis is expected to be on the comparison of published and established methods which have been employed in the application area rather than the details of experimental and novel methods. The volumes will also identify future trends and the potential impact of new technologies and new separation methods. The volumes will therefore provide up-to-date critical surveys of the roles that analytical separations play now and in the future in research, development and production, across the wide range of the fine and heavy chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, health care, food production and the environment. It will not be a laboratory guide but a source book of established and potential methods based on the literature that can be consulted by the reader. 

Flavor Components of Fats and Oils, Lipid Oxidation Measurement Methods, Marine Mammal Oils, Modification of Fats and Oils via Chemical and Enzymatic Methods, Novel Separation Techniques for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Oil By-Products, Quality Assurance of Fats and Oils, Tree Nut Oils. 

The publications in this field indicate clearly improved performance of the physical side of the analysis, that is, shorter analysis times, better separation efficiencies and a dramatically reduced consumption of reagents. Furthermore, due to the minute volumes for internal connections, new types of combinations can be used, and small samples can be analyzed with success. TTie use of parallel [57, 70, 71] or multi-dimensional arrangements [72] would lead to even larger munbers of analyses per unit time, or to dramatically increased peak capacities (separation of > 1,000 components [73]). The trend to combine biological assays with separation methods, that is, protein protein interactions, enzymes or antibodies with CE [74, 75, 76], could lead to novel concepts for chemical sensing. Optically defined sample plugs allow for precise small volume injections for millisecond separations [55], which can be used for on-line or in-vivo monitoring experiments [77]. Novel approaches to control the flow, e.g., radial control of electroosmosis in capillaries [78] or inductive mechanical micro piunps [79, 80], will allow access to novel cyclic separation techniques. 

The only commercially proven process for postcombustion separation is an amine-based process. Substantial research is needed to improve postcombustion processes and reduce their costs. Reduction in size and weight of the systems is an important objective when remote and offshore operations are considered. Improving the contact efficiency and mass transfer between the gas phase and the separation chemicals is needed. Novel methods that do not depend on large volumes of expensive chemicals would be very attractive because of industry s concerns about the waste products of the separation process. 

Chemical recovery ia sodium-based sulfite pulpiag is more complicated, and a large number of processes have been proposed. The most common process iavolves liquor iaciaeration under reduciag conditions to give a smelt, which is dissolved to produce a kraft-type green liquor. Sulfide is stripped from the liquor as H2S after the pH is lowered by CO2. The H2S is oxidized to sulfur ia a separate stream by reaction with SO2, and the sulfur is subsequendy burned to reform SO2. Alternatively, ia a pyrolysis process such as SCA-Bidemd, the H2S gas is burned direcdy to SO2. A rather novel approach is the Sonoco process, ia which alumina is added to the spent liquors which are then burned ia a kiln to form sodium aluminate. In anther method, used particulady ia neutral sulfite semichemical processes, fluidized-bed combustion is employed to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate, which can be sold to kraft mills as makeup chemical. 

Principles and Characteristics Extraction or dissolution methods are usually followed by a separation technique prior to subsequent analysis or detection. While coupling of a sample preparation and a chromatographic separation technique is well established (Section 7.1), hyphenation to spectroscopic analysis is more novel and limited. By elimination of the chromatographic column from the sequence precol-umn-column-postcolumn, essentially a chemical sensor remains which ensures short total analysis times (1-2 min). Examples are headspace analysis via a sampling valve or direct injection of vapours into a mass spectrometer (TD-MS see also Section 6.4). In... 

Novel pyranoanthocyanins have also been isolated and identified in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) seed using HPLC, 2D NMR and ES-MS. Blackcurrant seeds were extracted with acetone-water (70 30, v/v) and the components of the extract were separated in a polyamide column followed by HPLC-DAD. The new pigments were finally separated in an MCI-HP20 column. The chemical structures of anthocyanins 1-2 and the novel pyranoanthocyanins 3-6 with the pyrano[4,3,2-de]-l-bcn/opyrylium core structure are shown in Fig. 2.110. It was stated that the analytical method developed separated well the novel pyranoanthocyanins [245],... 

Another important application of hyphenated NMR methods is to provide insights into processes that affect the separation. Eor example, online NMR detection of the water chemical shift was used to noninvasively probe intracapillary temperatures in CE separations with subsecond temporal resolution and spatial resolution on the order of 1 mm [111]. Lacey et al. [112] followed up this report with a second NMR study using a novel 2-turn vertical solenoidal coil to measure temperature increases of more than 50 C in a chromatographic frit of the type used in CEC. Insights into the mechanisms underlying cITP have also been investigated utilizing online NMR... 

Novel manufacturing technologies are needed to address modem separation and reaction challenges. ZeoUtes possess molecular sieving, selective sorption properties and catalytic activity, as well as enhanced thermal and chemical stabiUty which make them good candidates for these applications. Future focus needs to address the processing methods and theoretical understanding of these materials so their potential for commercial appUcation can be realized. 

Novel biomarkers, i.e. tracer derivatives from unknown natural products, are sometimes encountered in geological or environmental samples, typically as hydrocarbons. The detection and determination of these compounds are usually based on the interpretation of mass spectra in GC-MS analyses. The proofs of chemical structures are based on the proposed interpretation of the MS data, separation and purification of the unknown compounds, exact structure determination by NMR methods or X-ray crystallography (if the compound is a solid that can be crystallized), and finally, comparison with a synthetic standard. The next question concerns the biological source of the biomarker precursor compound. Many biomarkers still have no proven natural product precursors nor known biological sources (e.g. perylene, tricyclic terpanes). " ... 

The sonophotocatalytic taction system is a novel idea for overall liquid water splitting. The H2 obtained, nowever, was mixec with other products such as 02 in the reactor When H2 is utilized in practice, e.g., in fuel or chemical synthesis, etc., it is desirable to isolate H2 from the product. Namely, isolation of H2 is required. Although separation of H2 from other products may be possible using a membrane, the method is likely to skip this process, and it is desirable to avoid the use of additional equipment as much as possible. 

Novel processing methods, such as integration of reaction and one or more unit operations in so-called multifunctional reactors and integration of two or more separation techniques in hybrid separations Use of alternative forms and sources of energy for chemical processing Novel methods of process/plant development and operation... 

This volume covers a wide range of fundamental topics in coal maceral science that varies from the biological origin of macerals to their chemical reactivity. Several chapters report novel applications of instrumental techniques for maceral characterization. These new approaches include solid l3C NMR, electron spin resonance, IR spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and mass spectrometry. A recently developed method for maceral separation is also presented many of the new instrumental approaches have been applied to macerals separated by this new method. The contributions in this volume present a sampling of the new directions being taken in the study of coal macerals to further our knowledge of coal petrology and coal chemistry. 

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