Mechanisms induction

Adhesive Dielectric Induction Mechanical Solvent Spin Thermal Ultrasonic... 

Assuming that the reaction probability of all the elementary processes is equal in the reaction of 1,4-DCB crystals, the calculated yields of unreacted 1,4-DCB, cyclophane, and oligomer by simulation, should be 1.8, 37.7, and 60.5% by weight, respectively. Furthermore, if all the photoexcited species of the monocyclic dimer are assumed to be converted into cyclophane, these yields should become 6.9, 65.6 and 27.5%. It is, therefore, rather surprising that in an extreme case of the experiment the yield of cyclophane is more than 90% while the amount of unreacted 1,4-DCB is less than 2%. One plausible mechanism to explain this result is that the first formation of cyclophane induces the successive formation of cyclophane so as to enhance its final yield. If such an induction mechanism plays an appreciable role, an optically active cyclophane zone may be formed, at least in a micro spot surrounding the first molecule of cyclophane, as illustrated in Scheme 13. The assumption of an induction mechanism was verified later in the photoreaction of 7 OMe crystals (see p. 151). 

Burman A, Haworth O, Hardie DL, et al. A chemokine-dependent stromal induction mechanism for aberrant lymphocyte accumulation and compromised lymphatic return in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 2005 174(3) 1693-1700. 

If oxygen limits growth and multiplication of aerobic bacteria, the adaptive value and inductive mechanism of poly(3HB) synthesis are quite similar to those outlined for nitrogen limitation. 2/H/ generated are not oxidized via elec-... 

When phosphate is the limiting factor, the induction mechanism is more difficult to deduce. However, bacteria, like all other living systems, are not able to generate ATP by phosphorylating ADP in the absence of phosphate. It seems quite plausible that, under these conditions, 2/H/ do not flow away. As in the two previously mentioned limitations, 2/H/ remain and acetyl-CoA becomes available, thus both substrates could be assimilated and deposited intracellularly as poly(3HB). 

It is well-established that the induction mechanism of LTP at the CA3-CA1 synapse of the Schaffer collateral pathway requires postsynaptic activation of the NMDA receptors (Ch. 15). The NMDA receptor seems to be a perfect cellular device to detect the synaptic coincidence between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons, and to associate two events at the cellular level [8]. 

A second type of NMDA-receptor-independent LTP exists in the mossy-fiber pathway at the dentate granule cell-to-CA3 pyramidal cell synapse [19]. This form of LTP, termed mossy fiber-CA3 LTP, is believed to involve PKA activation in the presynaptic cell which leads to increased neurotransmitter release. However, the exact induction mechanism is not yet clear. 

Gibson, G.G., Plant, N.J., Swales, K.E., Ayrton, A. and El-Sankary, W. (2002) Receptor-dependent transcriptional activation of cytochrome P4503A genes induction mechanisms, species differences and interindividual variation in man. Xenobiotica, 32 (3), 165-206. 

This small increase in attachment to the cells after 1 day was likely because the iron level in culture decreased with time as a result of the metabolic production of sulhde, which complexed with the iron to produce the iron sulfide precipitate, effectively lowering the dissolved iron concentration toward that of the low iron condition. It would seem that when organisms are placed in low-iron environments, they will use their chemotactic response/biologic inductions mechanisms to ensure that the iron requirements of the cells high iron requiring proteins (i.e., cytochromes, ferre-doxin, hydrogenases) are satished. 

The effects of cr-bonding may be more complex. A good from metal to CO while reducing... 

A molecular polarizability effect occurring by the inductive mechanism of electron displacement. Substituent polarizability is a factor governing reactivity. 

Data on the photon energy dependence of the biological effect has been accumulated fairly well with strand-break induction in plasmid DNA, and with an inactivation of the spore of a bacterium. These studies gave us many clues to understand the induction mechanism of biological effects in cells. However, for a complete understanding, research in the following areas should be highly promoted. 

D. C. Evans, D. P. Hartley, R. Evers (2001). Enzyme induction—Mechanisms, assays, and relevance to drug discovery and development. Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 38 315. 

The polarization will be transmitted along the whole molecular system and, since it arises from electronic and nuclear repulsions, it will be transmitted by an inductive mechanism. 

Welsh suggested correctly that similar transitions take place even if the molecular pair is not bound. The energy of relative motion of the pair is a continuum. Its width is of the order of the thermal energy, Efree 3kT/2. Radiative transitions between free states occur (marked free-free in the figure) which are quite diffuse, reflecting the short lifetime of the supermolecule. In dense gases, such diffuse collision-induced transitions are often found at the various rotovibrational transition frequencies, or at sums or differences of these, even if these are dipole forbidden in the individual molecules. The dipole that interacts with the radiation field arises primarily by polarization of the collisional partner in the quadrupole field of one molecule the free-free and bound-bound transitions originate from the same basic induction mechanism. 

If molecular gases are considered, infrared spectra richer than those seen in the rare gases occur. Besides the translational spectra shown above, various rotational and rotovibrational spectral components may be expected even if the molecules are non-polar. Besides overlap, other induction mechanisms become important, most notably multipole-induced dipoles. Dipole components may be thought of as being modulated by the vibration and rotation of the interacting molecules so that induced supermolecular bands appear at the rotovibrational frequencies. In other words, besides the translational induced spectra studied above, we may expect rotational induced bands in the infrared (and rotovibrational and electronic bands at higher frequencies as this was suggested above, Eq. 1.7 and Fig. 1.3). Lines at sums and differences of such frequencies also occur and are common in the fundamental and overtone bands. We will discuss the rotational pair and triplet spectra first. 

As mentioned above, for the H2-He pair two principal induction mechanisms exist multipole and overlap induction. Multipolar induction occurs mainly in the electric quadrupole field of H2 which polarizes the colli-sional partner (He). Qualitatively, the nature of the partner X is of little significance as long as it is polarizable. Quantitatively, one expects highly polarizable species (like Xe) to give rise to much stronger rotational lines than more weakly polarizable atoms (like He). Mainly for that reason, the rotational lines of H2-He are much weaker than those of H2-H2. (Another reason is that for H2-H2, molecule 1 induces a dipole in 2 and 2 induces one in 1, thereby doubling the intensities.)... 

If at least one of the interacting particles is a molecule, further induction mechanisms arise. Molecules are surrounded by an electric field which may be viewed as a superposition of multipole fields. A collisional partner will be polarized in the multipole field and thus give rise to induced dipole components. In the case of symmetric diatoms like H2 or N2, the lowest-order multipole is a quadrupole and asymptotically, for R - 00, the quadrupole-induced dipole may be written as [288, 289]... 

The three-body spectra and their associated correlation functions may be considered to be a superposition of three components of different nature. One part arises from two-body dynamics where the third atom acts strictly as a perturbing field. The second part represents the contributions of the irreducible three-body dynamics to the pairwise-additive induction. The third part is due to the three-body induction mechanism and contains the irreducible dipole. These agents vary differently with temperature and could in principle be separated on that basis. 

The spectral density is given by Eq. 6.51. For a specific induction mechanism, (c) = A1A2AL, the correlation function may be written (Bimbaum, Guillot and Bratos 1982)... 

In the course of another screening for the induction of GST activity in RL34 cells, MS-ITC was inadvertently isolated from wasabi as a potential inducer of GST. MS-ITC administered to rodents also showed both activities in vivo. As a result of elucidation of the platelet aggregation inhibition and the GST induction mechanisms of MS-ITC, the isothiocyanate moiety of MS-ITC plays an important role for antiplatelet and anticancer activities because of its high reactivity with sulfhydryl (RSH) groups in biomolecules (GSH, cysteine residue in a certain protein, etc.) (Figure 42.3). 

Barnes, C. A., Rao, G. and McNaughton, B. L. (1996) Functional integrity of NMDA-dependent LTP induction mechanisms across the lifespan of F-344 rats. Learn Mem 3, 124-137. 

Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Synaptic Depression 6.1 EC-LTD Induction Mechanisms... 

Experimental and theoretical justification of this scheme is presented in the next chapter. Currently, according to the objective, we may limit consideration with chemical induction mechanism. Using scheme (3.5), we obtain ... 

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