Marine mammal oils

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Flavor Components of Fats and Oils, Lipid Oxidation Measurement Methods, Marine Mammal Oils, Modification of Fats and Oils via Chemical and Enzymatic Methods, Novel Separation Techniques for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Oil By-Products, Quality Assurance of Fats and Oils, Tree Nut Oils. 

Ying Zhong Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John s, Newfoundland, Canada, Antioxidants Regulatory Status , Citrus Oils and Essences , Lipid Oxidation Measurement Methods , Marine Mammal Oils. 

Commercial marine mammal oils, such as seal blubber oil products, are available in form of soft gel capsules as nutritional supplements (82). The quality parameters of three commercial seal oil capsules are listed in Table 9. 

Marine mammal oils or their co3 concentrates can also be modified for different applications. Modifications include the changing of the fatty acid composition and/ or their location in the glycerol backbone. Structured lipids containing both 0)3 long-chain PUFAs, possibly from seal blubber oil, or their co3 concentrates, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are saturated fatty acids with 6-12... 

Fish oils and marine mammal oils are generally characterized by a large group of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which are commonly associated with their mix of TAGs (16). However, differences exist between the oils from fish and marine mammal sources. 

Derivation Reduction of oleic acid, occurs in fish and marine mammal oils. 

Seal blubber tends to be pure homogeneous fat and like the fish liver oils can be rendered quite simply. Whale blubber on the other hand contains tough connective tissue and fibres and is now rendered in rotating Kvaerner cookers under high pressure steam. As recently as 1955, world production figures (xlOOO metric tons) for marine oils were whale, 378 sperm, 91 seal, 6.5 fish body, 310 aquatic animal liver, 73 (presumably including whale liver oils as a source of vitamins A and D). By 1989 the figures (xlOOO) were marine mammal oil production, 1 fish liver oil, 32 fish oils, 1593 (Bimbo and Crowther, 1992). 

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