Novel Applications

The hybrid systems described below include membrane technologies for processing a wide spectrum of feed streams in various applications. A small sampling of current and potential applications is discussed. The list of examples selected is intentionally Hmited the intention is to illustrate the extent of process alternatives possible with various hybrid membrane processes. 

The overall recovery was 80% with recycbng of UF reject combined with RO reject for various appHcations. The RO permeate is suitable as boiler feed water and the IX effluent is suitable for irrigation with reduced boron concentration. Weak base anion resins are very effective in removing boron to below detectable limits borate ion (B03 ) selectivity is extremely high when the pH is 4.0. The resin is regenerated with 0.5-0.6% HCl or H2SO4. 

The world s first membrane-based produced water treatment plant was built in 2013 to process 7200 m /d (45,000 barrels/d) produced water from an oilfield in San Luis Obispo County, California. The feed water TDS is 7000 mg/1. The treatment process is OPUS II technology, which consists of ceramic membrane pre-treatment followed by ion exchange and a two-pass RO system. Up to 20,000 bbl/d treated water is for surface discharge (TDS 600 mg/1) and 25,000 bbl/d treated water is for use as once-through steam generation make-up (hardness 2 mg/1 as CaCOs). Based on pilot studies the RO recovery was 80% in first-pass RO and 90% in 2nd-pass RO [11]. 

Reverse osmosis and NF processes are, however, not suitable for treating high salinity produced waters, i.e., TDS 40,000 mg/1, because of very high osmotic pressures. Thermal processes such as mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) are the most robust, require minimum pre-treatment, and can treat feed waters with TDS 100,000 mg/1. 

ZLD is used in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) facUities in areas where adequate disposal weUs are too far from the central processing facUity [14]. However, the thermal unit had problems handling non-volatile organic compounds (humic acids and asphaltenes) that build up in the evaporator/crystaUiser and contaminate the salt cake. The facUity in Alberta, Canada had to instaU a second MVR unit making the process very 

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In addition to conventional applications in conducting polymers and electrooptical devices, a number of recent novel applications have emerged. Switching of DNA electron transfer upon single-strand/double-strand hybridization fonns the basis for a new medical biosensor teclmology. Since the number of base pairs of length 20... 

Various novel applications in biotechnology, biomedical engineering, information industry, and microelectronics involve the use of polymeric microspheres with controlled size and surface properties [1-31. Traditionally, the polymer microspheres larger than 100 /urn with a certain size distribution have been produced by the suspension polymerization process, where the monomer droplets are broken into micron-size in the existence of a stabilizer and are subsequently polymerized within a continuous medium by using an oil-soluble initiator. Suspension polymerization is usually preferred for the production of polymeric particles in the size range of 50-1000 /Ltm. But, there is a wide size distribution in the product due to the inherent size distribution of the mechanical homogenization and due to the coalescence problem. The size distribution is measured with the standard deviation or the coefficient of variation (CV) and the suspension polymerization provides polymeric microspheres with CVs varying from 15-30%. 

There has been not only gi owth m the total number of electric motors (more standard appliances in use), but also a proliferation in their use for new, novel applications. Both trends will continue to increase demand for the electricity to run electric motors. In the United States, electric motors arc responsible for consuming more than half of all electricity, and for the industrial sector alone, close to two-thirds. Since the cost of the electricity to power these motors is enormous (estimated at more than 90 billion a year), research is focused on finding ways to increase the energy efficiency of motors and motor systems. 

A novel application of a phenyl aryldiazosulfone was found by Kessler et al. (1990). l-[4-(7V-Chlorocarbonyl-7V-methylamino)phenyl]-2-(phenylsulfonyl)diazene (6.18) is an acid chloride with a potential diazonio group. The above authors showed that in organic solvents (THF, etc.) this compound reacts easily, as expected, with nucleophiles (HNu), e.g., with aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic amines, with cystine dimethyl ester, or with 4-methoxyphenol at the carbonyl function, yielding... 

A novel application [161] of EGA is in the study of crystal transformations by detection of the release of organic molecules occluded by the reactant solid during preparation. 

The new research frontiers in chemical engineering, some of which represent new applications for the discipline, have important implications for education. A continued emphasis is needed on basic principles that cut across many apphcations, but a new way of teaching those principles is also needed. Students must be exposed to both traditional and novel applications of chemical engineering. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has set in motion a project to incorporate into undergraduate chemical engineering courses examples and problems from emerging applications of the discipline. The committee applauds this work, as well as recent AIChE moves to allow more flexibility for students in accredited departments to take science electives. 

Spear, K. E., Dismukes, J. P. 1994 Synthetic diamond emerging CVD science and technology. New York Wiley. This book gives a useful description of the chemistry and physics behind diamond CVD, as well as various novel applications for CVD diamond. 

WoRZ, O., Jacket, K. P., Richter, T, Wole, A., Microreactors, new efficient tools for optimum reactor design. Microtechnologies and Miniaturization, Tools, Techniques and Novel Applications for the BioPharmaceutical Industry, IBC Global Conferences, London (1998). 

Kokufuta, E. Novel Applications for Stimulus-Sensitive Polymer Geb in the Preparation of Functional immobilized Biocatalysts, Vol, 110, pp. 157-178. 

The structure of the second edition follows that of the first edition, with novel applications contained in sections attached to the individual chapters. The present chapter covers mass spectroscopy, with additional applications being found in the individual chapters, as well as advances in common detectors, unusual modes of chromatography, and general theoretical advances. 

Pal, B. C., Novel application of a sugar-borate complexation for separation of ribo-, 2 -deoxyribo-, and arabinonucleosides on cation exchange resin, /. Chromatogr., 148, 545, 1978. 

Moreover, novel applications of nuclear reactions involving technetium are being developed. Among them, multitracer utilization, molecular rocket reactions and shock wave enhancement phenomena are up-to-date examples. All these aspects are presented in this review paper. 

Cannel, R.J.P., Rashid, T., Ismail, I.N. et al. (1997) Novel metabolites of warfarin produced by Beauveria bassiana and Streptomyces rimosus a novel application of HPLC-NMR. Xenobiotica The Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems, 27, 147-157. 

Kingston, L. P., Lockley, W. J. S., Mather, A. N., Spink, E., Thompson, S. P., Wilkinson, D. J., Hydrogen isotope labelling novel applications of parallel chemistry techniques, International Isotope Society Symposium, Dresden, June 2000. 

Sklonick J et al. From genes to protein structure and function novel applications of computational approaches in the genomic era. TIBTECH 2000 18 34-39. 

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