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Heavy chemical industry

The vital importance of NaCl in the heavy chemical industry is indicated in the Panel opposite, and information on potassium salts is given in the Panel on p. 73. [Pg.70]

Industrial production of CI2 and chlorine chemicals is on a vast scale and comprises a major section of the heavy chemical industry. - Some aspects have already been discussed on p. 793, and further details are in the Panel. [Pg.798]

John Graham Smith. The Origins and Early Development of the Heavy Chemical Industry in France. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1979. [Pg.204]

American chemical engineers were not very well equipped to address such sudden problems in their industry. A. D. Little s formulation of unit operations, which appeared in 1915, could have but a limited impact on the growing organic industry because, in practice at least, it largely ignored purely chemical problems (23). In retrospect, this notion of unit operation appears as one which responded extremely well to the industrial demands of a rapidly disappearing past - namely those of a heavy chemical industry based on minerals and petroleum refining. [Pg.62]

In refining of petroleum, sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst for alkylation reactions and in the manufacture of other organic derivatives. Chemicals production includes virtually every heavy chemical industry. For example, the production of sodium and aluminum sulfates, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, insecticides, detergents, and many other chemicals all involve the use of H2S04. [Pg.371]

Chlorine can be obtained in the laboratory by oxidation of HCl with a strong oxidizer such as manganese dioxide (equation 1). The industrial production of chlorine is a major section of the heavy chemical industry and is based on electrolytic oxidation of the chloride anion. Chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen are produced by the electrolysis of... [Pg.740]

For cases with more direct relevance, see Charles C. Gillispie, The Discovery of the Leblanc Process, Isis 48, 1957, 152-170 Holmes, Eighteenth Century Chemistry, 85-102 John Graham Smith, The Origins and Early Development of the Heavy Chemical Industry in France (Oxford University Press, 1979). [Pg.488]

The individual self-contained volumes will each encompass a closely related field of applications and will demonstrate those methods which have found the widest applications in the area. The emphasis is expected to be on the comparison of published and established methods which have been employed in the application area rather than the details of experimental and novel methods. The volumes will also identify future trends and the potential impact of new technologies and new separation methods. The volumes will therefore provide up-to-date critical surveys of the roles that analytical separations play now and in the future in research, development and production, across the wide range of the fine and heavy chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, health care, food production and the environment. It will not be a laboratory guide but a source book of established and potential methods based on the literature that can be consulted by the reader. [Pg.15]

Fig. 2.2-1. Flow sheet of a conventional solution recycling process for urea manufacture. [Taken from Fromm, D. and Liitow, D., Modern Processes in the Heavy Chemicals Industry Urea , Chemie in unserer Zeit 13, 78-81 (1979).]... Fig. 2.2-1. Flow sheet of a conventional solution recycling process for urea manufacture. [Taken from Fromm, D. and Liitow, D., Modern Processes in the Heavy Chemicals Industry Urea , Chemie in unserer Zeit 13, 78-81 (1979).]...
The manufacture of pharmaceutical chemicals in some ways resembles a scaled-up version of the organic chemical syntheses carried out in the laboratory and, in others, a scaled down version of the processes used in the heavy chemicals industry. The heavy chemicals industry manufactures commodity chemicals that are largely undifferentiated and have to be sold at the ruling market price. The individual company, having little control over prices, is therefore preoccupied with reducing costs. A major source of cost reduction is economies of scale, and those in turn are related to the use of continuous rather than batch processes. The former are well-nigh universal in the heavy chemicals sector. [Pg.903]

Sterilization is a unit process not fonnd in the heavy chemical industry. The aim of sterilization is to kill and/or remove bacteria and pyrogens. Pyrogens are fragments of bacterial cell walls, which may prodnce fever as a reaction to foreign proteins if they enter the bloodstream of a sensitive person. [Pg.907]

The economics of the research-based pharmaceutical industry is as remote from classical economics as its technology is from that of the heavy chemical industry. Neither the manufacturers nor the consumers conform to the concept of a free market. [Pg.909]

Is the matter of satisfactory profits to the heavy chemical industry of sufficient concern to warrant prolonged and detailed discussion After all, in spite of some of the problems cited, we are talking about big blue chip companies with hundreds of millions of dollars invested, with many millions of dollars of profits, and with impressive growth forecasted. First, we should remember that we are talking for the most part about product lines within broadly based chemical companies. Secondly, for proper perspective, it is vital that we focus on return on money invested in specific product lines rather than on total dollars of profit. [Pg.28]

Research Institute of Heavy Chemical Industry, Veszprem, Hungary... [Pg.3]

Besides the heavy chemical industry, where catalysis is a dominant feature of most conversion processes, enzyme catalysis is a critical component of bio-chemical processes. All that was said about mechanisms of catalytic reactions applies to enzyme catalysis. As can be expected, there are additional factors in enzyme catalysis that complicate matters. Many enzymatic reactions depend on factors such as pH, ionic strength, co-catalysts and so on that do not normally play a role in conventional heterogeneous catalysis. Despite this, the understanding of mechanisms in enzyme catalysis has outpaced that in heterogeneous catalysis and can now serve as a guide to the search for heterogeneous reaction mechanisms. [Pg.57]

It was in this period that a serious attempt was made to duplicate in the amorphous industries area— plastics, rubber, etc.—educational progress similar to that made in the heavy chemicals industries. Ernst Hauser was added to the faculty to aid in the development of educational methods in industrial colloid chemistry, and books by Hauser and by Lewis, Squires, and Broughton were published. [Pg.84]

There was a weak policy controlling price structures at that time, but there was no strong organization to support the new production theme. However, it was one way to make heavy chemical industries predominant over the industrial structure. [Pg.280]

Constraints of Plant Design. The potential hazards encountered in the uranium feed materials processing industry include many that are common to the heavy chemicals industry. However special problems present themselves owing to direct radiation, the possibility of inhalation and ingestion of radioactive dusts and gases, nuclear safety, and more unusual chemical hazards. [Pg.341]

Effluent disposal is a central problem. Yields of pharmaceuticals are low compared with the heavy chemicals industry, and waste streams, perhaps containing pharmacologically active materials, must be incinerated or scrupulously purified before discharge. [Pg.735]


See other pages where Heavy chemical industry is mentioned: [Pg.34]    [Pg.71]    [Pg.26]    [Pg.62]    [Pg.266]    [Pg.56]    [Pg.2459]    [Pg.163]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.206]    [Pg.2370]    [Pg.13]    [Pg.14]    [Pg.20]    [Pg.20]    [Pg.26]    [Pg.56]    [Pg.47]    [Pg.241]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.12 , Pg.43 ]




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