In-Vivo Monitoring

Miniaturized catheter-type ISE sensors, such as the implantable probe shown in Figure 5-20 represent the preferred approach for routine clinical in-vivo monitoring of blood electrolytes. For these intravascular measurements the reference electrode is placed outside die artery (in die external arm of die catheter), tints obviating biocompatability and drift problems associated with its direct contact with the blood. 

A Nemstian response of 59 mV per decade change in concentration is commonly observed (at 25°C). Relation to the partial pressure carbon dioxide is accomplished by the use of Henry s law. A catheter sensor configuration has been developed for in-vivo monitoring of blood carbon dioxide (61). 

In Vivo Monitoring of Metal Biotransformations in Environmental Matrices... 

Catheter-type ion selective electrodes have been developed for continuous in vivo monitoring of ion activities and blood gases A miniature ion selective and reference... 

In vitro analyses of americium are routinely performed in situations where in vivo analyses cannot be obtained or in support of an in vivo monitoring program. Urine is the preferred sample for in vitro analyses of americium, although other sample types, such as feces, tissue, bone, or blood, can also be used on a more limited basis. Urine provides for an analysis of soluble or transportable americium, fecal analysis can be used to measure ingestion or clearance of americium, and tissue is used to assess whole or regional body burdens of americium (Guilmette and Bay 1981 Ide 1986 Ide et al. 1985 Mclnroy et al. 1985). 

Lada, M.W., Kennedy, R.T. (1996). Quantitative, in vivo monitoring of primary amines in rat caudate nucleus using microdialysis coupled by a flow-gated interface to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 68, 2790-2797. 

Baldini F., In vivo monitoring of the gastrooesophageal system using optical fibre sensors, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003 375 732-743. 

Lubbers D.W., Chemical in vivo monitoring by optical sensors in medicine, Sensors and Actuat.B 1993 11 253. 

X. Zhang, Real time and in vivo monitoring of nitric oxide by electrochemical sensors - from dream to reality. Front. Biosci. 9, 3434-3446 (2004). 

F. Gonon, M.F. Suaud-Chagny, and M. Buda, Fast in vivo monitoring of electrically evoked dopamine release by differential pulse amperometry with untreated carbon fibre electrodes, in Proceedings of Satellite Symposium on Neuroscience and Technology (A. Dittmar and J.C. Froment, eds), p. 215. Lyon... 

M. Schlosser and M. Ziegler, Biocompatibility of active implantable devices, in Biosensors in the Body Continuous In Vivo Monitoring (D.M. Fraser, ed.), pp. 139-170. John Wiley, NY (1997). 

Bowser MT, Kennedy RT. 2001. In vivo monitoring of amine neurotransmitters using microdialysis with online capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22(17) 3668-3676. 

Kennedy RT, Thompson JE, Vickroy TW. 2002a. In vivo monitoring of amino acids by direct sampling of brain extracellular fluid at ultralow flow rates and capillary electrophoresis. J Neurosci Methods 114(1) 39-49. 

Zhou SY, Zuo H, Stobaugh JE, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. 1995. Continuous in vivo monitoring of amino acid neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling with on-line derivatization and capillary electrophoresis separation. Anal Chem 67(3) 594-599. 

Ekstrom T, Stahl A, Sigvardsson K, et al. 1986. Lipid peroxidation in vivo monitored as ethane exhalation and malondialdehyde excretion in urine after oral administration of chloroform. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 58 289-296. 

M. Q. Huang, D. S. Nelson, S. Pickup, H. Qiao, E. J. DeUkatny, H. Poptani and J. D. Glickson, In vivo monitoring response to chemotherapy of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma xenografts in SCID mice by H and P MRS. Acad. Radiol., 2007,14, 1531-1539. 

D. Moscone and M. Mascini, Microdialysis and glucose biosensor for in vivo monitoring, Ann. Biol. Clin., 21 (1993) M40-M42. 

Rudolf, R., Mongillo, M., Magalhaes, P. J., and Pozzan, T. (2004). In Vivo Monitoring of Ca(2+) Uptake into Mitochondria of Mouse Skeletal Muscle During Contraction. J Cell Biol 166(4) 527-36. 

Albery WJ, Boutelle MG, Galley PT. The dialysis electrode—a new method for in vivo monitoring. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 1992, 12, 900 901. 

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