Thermal enhancement

Here kB is the Boltzmann s constant, A represents a normalization factor, W, and W2 are the activation energies for a thermally enhanced decay of the photoin-duced states, E is the temperature-independent part of the decay factor, and B represents the relative weight of the HVaclivalcd process. 

The oil production from thin under-gas cap zones with an active aquifer is not efficient because of the rapid breakthrough of gas or water. The water-alternating gas technology based on the injection of water solution with oil-and water-soluble polymers seems to be promising to stimulate such wells. For heavy oils, this technology can be considered as an alternative to thermal-enhanced oil recovery [1673]. 

Thermal enhancement of volatilization.19 21 Volatility of contaminants increases greatly with temperature, so several techniques have been developed to raise soil temperature, including the injection of hot air or steam, electrical resistance heating, and radio frequency heating. 

Poppendieck, D.G., Loehr, R.C. and Webster, M.T., Predicting hydrocarbon removal from thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction systems. 2. Field study, J. Hazard. Mater., 69, 95-109, 1999. 

TESVE Thermal-enhanced soil vapor extraction... 

Sittler, S.P. and Swinford, G.L., Thermal-enhanced soil vapor extraction accelerates cleanup of diesel-affected soils, Natl. Environ. J., January, 40-43, 1993. 

Hutcheon, I., 1984, A review of artificial diagenesis during thermally enhanced recovery. In D. A. MacDonald and R. C. Surdam (eds.), Clastic Diagenesis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp. 413—429. 

Conventional pump-and-treat techniques are not very effective in restoring aquifers impacted by DNAPLs. This ineffectiveness is a result of the relatively low solubility of the DNAPL and the large capillary forces that immobilize the nonaqueous phase. Over the past decade, several innovative and experimental strategies have been tested for more effective recovery of DNAPLs. These strategies include the more conventional use of surfactants, and thermally enhanced extraction or steam injection. Other more experimental approaches include cosolvent flooding and density manipulations. Each of these approaches is discussed below. 

Thermally enhanced extraction is another experimental approach for DNAPL source removal. Commonly know as steam injection, this technique for the recovery of fluids from porous media is not new in that it has been used for enhanced oil recovery in the petroleum industry for decades, but its use in aquifer restoration goes back to the early 1980s. Steam injection heats the solid-phase porous media and causes displacement of the pore water below the water table. As a result of pore water displacement, DNAPL and aqueous-phase chlorinated solvent compounds are dissolved and volatilized. The heat front developed during steam injection is controlled by temperature gradients and heat capacity of the porous media. Pressure gradients and permeability play a less important role. 

Heron, G. and Christensen, T. H, 1998, Thermally Enhanced Remediation at DNAPL Sites The Competition between Downward Mobilization and Upward Volatilization In Nonaque-ous-Phase Liquids — Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (edited by G. B. Wickramanayake and R. E. Hinchee), Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp. 193-198. 

Mohamed F, Marchettini P, Stuart OA, Urano M, Sugarbaker PH (2003) Thermal enhancement of new chemotherapeutic agents at moderate hyperthermia. Annals of Surgical Oncology 10 463 168. 

T0683 Sandia National Laboratory and Illinois Institute of Technology, Thermally Enhanced Vapor Extraction System (TEVES)... 

T0636 Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation, Chemtact Gaseous Waste Treatment T0637 R.C. Costello and Associates, Inc., Actopentin Biomass Filter T0683 Sandia National Laboratory and Illinois Institute of Technology, Thermally Enhanced Vapor Extraction System (TEVES)... 

T0334 Geo-Con, Inc., Shallow Soil Mixing/Thermally Enhanced Vapor Extraction T0363 Harding ESE, Inc., PetroClean Bioremediation System T0372 Hi-Point Industries, Ltd., Oclansorb... 

T0334 Geo-Con, Inc., Shallow Soil Mixing/Thermally Enhanced Vapor Extraction... 

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