Case clause

The process module has as input the initiating event that is under examination. Four initiating events were modelled (LOCA, LOOP, LOFW, Transient) using a single enumerative variable scenario that determines the used initiating event. The variable scenario forces certain physical parameters to have a particular value. For example, in all initiating events the reactor water level becomes low. Consequently, the corresponding variables in the model shall also indicate that the reactor water level is low. The process module consists of case clauses that implement these kinds of rules for all scenarios. The variable scenario also has an additional possible value FREE. In this case the physical parameters of the plant experience no restrictions what so ever the values of the parameters are selected non-deterministically. 

Another successful modelling choice was to create link type modules for different types of links that could be parameterised with the components associated with a particular link instance. A more laborious alternative would have been to bind the signals in a case-specific manner to the components that are used to transfer them, and alter the signal value according to failures in the components. This alternative approach would be laborious because a case clause would have to be written for each link instance, and the number of link instances in the model is very large. We also parameterised the link modules with the modules of the relevant equipment, instead of individual variables within the modules. This seemed to make the link modules a lot simpler. 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

S-100 Activated Alumina for Claus Catalysis, Case Histories, Alcoa Chemicals Division, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1985. 

Section 4 of ISO 9001 is incorporated in ISO/TS 16949 in the form of boxed text under the appropriate headings. The sector-specific requirements are outside the boxes and hence the additional requirements are readily identifiable. The only change to the ISO 9001 text has been the head numbering to facilitate decimal numbering of the additional clauses. Various notes have been added to correct clause numbering within the ISO 9001 text and in 13 cases a requirement has been modified ... 

Does ISO 9001 require the other types of policies to be defined and documented There is no requirement in clause 4.1.1 but in clause 4.2.2 there is a requirement to prepare a quality manual covering the requirements of the standard and this is where you should document your operational policies. While the quality manual could simply contain the quality system procedures, the guidelines given in ISO 10013 clearly indicate that whether or not this is the case, the manual should describe the organization s policies for meeting the requirements of the standard. These aspects are addressed in Part 2 Chapter 2. 

This requirement is similar to that in clause 4.14.3 under Preventive action since the data collected for preventive action serves a similar purpose. In one case an analysis of company-level data serves to identify overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of the goals. In the preventive action case, the data serves to identify local and overall trends and predict potential failures that will affect achievement of specified requirements for the product, process, and quality system. It would be sensible to develop a data collection and analysis system that serves all levels in the organization, with criteria at each level for reporting data upwards as necessary. You should not treat this requirement separately from that for preventive action since the same data should be used. However, the explanation given in clause 4.1.5 of Operational performance does include some factors that may not be addressed in your preventive action procedures. 

Quite why this requirements was necessary is a mystery as it duplicates that given in clause 4.18.1. However, in case anyone is in any doubt that the design team has to be qualified, this requirement draws attention to it so that suppliers will need a process in place to ensure unqualified designers are precluded and that auditors will check that designers are qualified. 

The quality plan would be a logical place for such controls to be defined but clause 4.2.3 does not specifically refer to subcontractor controls. Any intention that they be defined in the quality plan is hidden in 4.2.3.1(b) where it requires you to give timely consideration to the identification and acquisition of any controls etc. Some companies produce a Quality Assurance Requirement Specification to supplement ISO 9001 and also produce a Subcontractor Surveillance Plan. In most other cases the controls may be defined on the reverse side of the purchase order as standard conditions coded and selected for individual purchases. 

In many cases these requirements will not apply but in some contractual situations the customer may provide products or services for use by the supplier in connection with the contract. This clause of the standard specifies requirements that apply in such situations. The product being supplied may have been produced by a competitor, by the customer, or even by your own firm under a different contract. These requirements apply to any product supplied to you by your customer and not only to what is to be incorporated into supplies. The customer may in fact supply facilities, equipment, software, or documentation for use in conjunction with the contract, which may be provided on loan, to be returned on completion of the contract or to be retained. Customer-owned tooling and returnable packaging also constitutes customer supplied product. If you use the customer s facilities, such use should be governed by the regulations imposed in the contract rather than these requirements. If the customer supplies documentation, unless it is required to be returned, you should assume it is yours to keep. Such documentation is not governed by these requirements although, if the customer requires the documents to be returned, you should assume that these requirements do apply, but apply them with discretion. 

The next stage is to design the processes that have been identified. In many cases, existing processes may well satisfy the need but process approval may be required if the tolerance on product characteristics is much less than the currently demonstrated process capability. Process design is a subject outside the scope of ISO 9001 but is covered by clause 4.2.4.9 of ISO/TS 16949 and hence addressed in Part 2 Chapter 2. 

In continuous production, product is inspected by taking samples from the line which are then examined while the line continues producing product. In such cases you will need a means of holding product produced between sampling points until the results of the tests and inspections are available. You will also need a means of releasing product when the results indicate that the product is acceptable. So a Product Release Procedure or Held Product Procedure may be necessary. The standard implies, however, that if you have released product under positive recall procedures you do not need to hold product while in-process inspection and tests are performed. The reference to clause 4.10.3(a) is also ambiguous because the inspections and tests carried out in accordance with the quality plan or documented procedures may not cover those necessary to verify product on receipt into the plant. It would be wise to hold any product until you have... 

The standard does not make it clear whether these requirements apply to nonconformities detected while the supplier is responsible for the product or after the supplier s responsibility ceases, as is the case with nonconformity reports received from customers. Reports of nonconformities are also addressed under Corrective Action in clause 4.14 but it is assumed that in this case the standard is concerned with external reports of nonconformities. 

Quality records are those records identified in Chapter 16. This is a bit of a catchall as concessions, service reports, customer complaints, and data from processes and work operations are all quality records. However, the standard does not cross refer to clause 4.16 at every mention of records or similar document and therefore the requirements of 4.16 only apply in those cases where it is referenced. Service reports, for instance, do not need to comply with the requirements of clause 4.16. 

The contract is usually for a period ranging from 3 to 9 years, but in this case the amount payable to the contractor is the same or similar to the costs prior to contractor take-over. A further clause is added such that a proportion of the savings made by the contractor are returned to the client (perhaps 2-10 per cent of the previous annual costs). It may also be possible for any further large saving to be shared in agreed proportions between the two parties involved. 

The regulation states The report must be reviewed with all affected personnel whose job tasks are relevant to the incident findings, including contract employees where applicable. The aim of this clause is to ensure that all affected employees understand why the incident occurred and what actions could prevent a recurrence. While the regulation does not specifically define the methods to comply with this requirement, it is imperative that the review is prompt and complete. In almost all cases, the review requires personal meetings, either individually or in small groups, to thoroughly review the incident and recommend corrective actions. 

The origin of the small Sy content of all commercial sulfur samples is the following. Elemental sulfur is produced either by the Frasch process (mining of sulfur deposits) or by the Claus process (partial oxidation of HyS) [62]. In each case liquid sulfur is produced (at ca. 140 °C) which at this temperature consists of 95% Ss and ca. 5% other sulfur homocycles of which Sy is the main component. On slow cooling and crystalhzation most of the non-Ss species convert to the more stable Ss and to polymeric sulfur but traces of Sy are built into the crystal lattice of Ss as sohd state defects. In some commercial samples traces of Ss or Sg were detected in addition. The Sy defects survive for years if not forever at 20 °C. The composition of the commercial samples depends mainly on the coohng rate and on other experimental conditions. Only recrystalhzation from organic solvents removes Sy and, of course, the insoluble polymeric sulfur and produces pure a-Ss [59]. 

PROBLEMS For each of the following reactions, clearly state what change has taken place. In each case your sentence should start with one of the following opening clauses we have added. . . , we have eliminated. . . , or we have substituted. ... 

First-order predicate calculus admits proof techniques that can be shown to be sound and complete (Lloyd, 1987). The soundness of the proof technique is important because it ensures that our methodology will not deduce results that are invalid. We are less concerned with completeness, because in most cases, although the proof technique will be complete, the theory of dominance or equivalence we have available will be incomplete for most problems. Restricting the first-order logic to be of horn clause form, enables the employment of SLD resolution, a simpler... 

In this case of classified installation classification the risk clause is replaced by a risk category number or transport regulations for dangerous substances, which is displayed on the back of tankers or on substances packaging as codes 30 (corresponding to 10), 33 (corresponding to 11 and 12) or 233 (corresponding to 13). 

This information is to be submitted to the authorized ECHA for the purpose of substance registrations (details see above in clause 3.4). The essential information should be recorded in the factsheet (SDS) of each chemical including exposure scenarios in case they are substantial. This article describes the importance of the waste stage in the drafting of exposure scenarios. The waste phase is to be included in the calculation of exposure. As part of the implementation of REACH, guidance documents were developed with detailed recommendations which describe how this is to be done. Important aspects of this procedure are explained above. 

For completeness, we stipulate that the elements must exist in their standard states. This sub-clause is necessary, because whereas most elements exist in a single form at s.t.p. (in which case their enthalpy of formation is zero), some elements, such as carbon... 

In some cases, masking is easy The postcondition says, oneParticipant.someEffect AND theOtherParticipant.someOtherEff ect We simply throw away the clauses that don t apply to us. The other components teams will worry about them. 

Case Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses joined without a conjunction. 

If sulfuric acid is produced, the S02 containing gas does not require fuel gas or reducing gas, except for providing process heat. If elemental sulfur is to be produced, it is generally done by the Claus reaction previously discussed. In that case, two-thirds of the S02 is catalytically hydrogenated to S02 ... 

In an interesting series of experiments, Claus Wedekind and Manfred Milinski have tested humans (more specifically, first year students) in both the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner s Dilemma (see Wedekind and Milinski, 1996). In both cases the sub-... 

Rule No. 7 Reware of deed restrictions Most deed restrictions, including those that enforce the maintenance of turf landscaping in specific ways, have an average life span of twenty-five to thirty years. Some are in effect in perpetuity. In many cases, such restrictions have a sunset clause, and after the initial term of twenty-five to thirty years expires, are renewed only by written approval of a specified percent of property owners in a subdivision. Many more restrictions, however, will be automatically renewed unless the owners take action to prevent reactivation. This suggests that vigilance is essential for homeowners interested in alternative landscaping, both at the time of purchase and beyond. 

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