Carcinogenicity mutagenicity

Are there any chemicals used that are known or suspected carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, etc ... 

Toxic air pollutants are pollutants which are hazardous to human health or the environment but which are not specifically regulated by the CAA. These pollutants are typically carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens. The CAAA of 1977 failed to result in substantial reductions in the emissions of these harmful substances. 

A scientifically evaluated and fully referenced data bank, developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It contains some 8,000 chemical records with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, tumor promotion, and tumor inhibition test results. Data are derived from studies cited in primaiy journals, current awareness tools, NCI reports, and other special sources. Test results have been reviewed by experts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. 

The Clean Ar Act of 1970 and the Amendments of 1977 failed to adequately control emissions of hazardous air pollutants, that are typically carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive toxins. Title III of the 1990 /Vnendments offers a comprehensive plan for achieving significant reductions in emissions of haz-... 

Alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates were examined many years ago for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. A complete revision of these subjects was carried out by Oba [382]. 

Enslein, K. An overview of structure-activity relationships as an alternative to testing in animals for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, dermal and eye irritation, and acute oral toxicity. Toxicol Industrial Health 1988 4 479-98. 

A Russian expert system, PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) [84], uses substructural descriptors called multilevel neighborhoods of atoms [85] to predict over 900 different pharmacological activities from molecular structure. These activities include a number of toxicity end points such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. The accuracy of prediction has been shown [86] to range from about 85% to over 90%. One-off predictions can be obtained free of charge on the PASS website [84]. 

The priority effects are carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Human toxicity is broader than priority effects, including acute toxicity, systemic toxicity (organ effects), immune system effects and skin/eye/respiratory damageaswellasthepriority effects. And toxicity as T includes both human toxicity and ecotoxicity. 

TDL, the toxic do.se low, the smallest possible dose of the material causing poisonous effects, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or teratogenicity). 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

According to a strict reading of the characteristics established by the U.S. EPA and the State environmental agencies, all of these items are hazardous wastes when disposed of, and should therefore be subject to the whole onerous spectrum of handling, transportation, and disposal requirements that have been established for toxins, carcinogens, mutagens, explosives, and other wastes that are threatening to health and the environment. 

The carcinogenic activity of chemical substances is important as well. They are present in pesticides of different classes OCPs (DDT, aldrine, heptachlor, methoxychlor), thiocarbamates (thiram, zineb, ziram), carbamides (monuron) [3], etc. Even if the official description of a given pesticide does not denote its carcinogenic (mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, etc.) activity, this merely means that this particular pesticide was not studied sufficiently. 

Five endpoints with high relevance for REACH have been addressed [30] within CAESAR bioconcentration factor, skin sensitization, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and developmental toxicity... 

Meanwhile the first tranche of the registration is done for all chemicals with a market volume of more than 1,000 Mg/a and for chemicals which have a high concern out of hazardous reasons (e.g., carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMR)). By the REACH deadline of 30 November 2010 for the first tranche, 24,675 registration dossiers were submitted for 4,300 substances including nearly... 

Lazar (http //lazar.in silico.de/predict) is a k-nearest-neighbor approach to predict chemical endpoints from a training set based on structural fragments [43]. It derives predictions for query structures from a database with experimentally determined toxicity data [43]. Model provides prediction for four endpoints Acute toxicity to fish (lethality) Fathead Minnow Acute Toxicity (LC50), Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Repeated dose toxicity. 

Lazar [59] derives predictions for four endpoints Fathead Minnow Acute Toxicity (LC50), Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Repeated dose toxicity. 

Harvey, R.G. In "Safe Handling of Chemical Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens and Highly Toxic Substances, Volume 2" Walters, D.B., Ed. Ann Arbor Science Ann Arbor, MI, 1980, pp. 439-468. 

Snyderwine EG, Sinha R, Felton JS, Ferguson LR (2002) Highlights of the eighth international conference on carcinogenic mutagenic N-substituted aryl compounds. Mut... 

Plowman, M.C., S. Grbac-Ivankovic, J. Martin, S.M. Hopfer, and F.W. Sunderman, Jr. 1994. Malformations persist after metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis tadpoles exposed to Ni2+, Co2+, or Cd2+ in FETAX assays. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 14 135-144. 

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