Carcinogenic mutagenic or toxic for

Timing for carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction substances (CMR), very toxic, and R50/53 substances is as follows ... 

There are no symbols for dangers from substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction. 

Conversely, some molecules carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction can be advantageously replaced by less toxic ones (Fig. 5.20a, b). 

If a biocidal product is classified as toxic, very toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (category 1 or 2) it shall not be authorised for marketing to, or use by the general public. 

Meanwhile the first tranche of the registration is done for all chemicals with a market volume of more than 1,000 Mg/a and for chemicals which have a high concern out of hazardous reasons (e.g., carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMR)). By the REACH deadline of 30 November 2010 for the first tranche, 24,675 registration dossiers were submitted for 4,300 substances including nearly... 

Manufactured or imported in quantities >1 t/a and meeting the criteria for classification as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction category 1 or 2 (DSD) and category lA or IB (CLP), respectively... 

The provisions may be related to concentration limits for the substance in a preparation or a product (e.g. emission limit for nickel in jewellery). There are also requirements for specific labelling and other safety measures (e.g. asbestos). A special mechanism for risk reduction in the Directive, that links the directive with Council Directive 67/548/EEC is provid by the 14th amendment in 1994. This Mlows substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction (category 1 and 2) to be banned for consumer use. 

As mentioned in Section 3.3, no deviation from the R-phrases for category 1 and 2 of substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction is allowed. The exact category is laid down in annex I, as shown in Table 3.15 as a representative example, in the following way ... 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

The deadlines for registration are set according to the volume of the substance on the market or the hazard. The shortest deadlines apply to very high volume substances (above 1000 tonnes), and carcinogenic, mutagenic or reproduction toxic substances above 1 tonne. These will have to be registered within 3 years. 

Substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reproductively toxic (i.e., CMRs), for example, some endocrine disrupters, may pose special problems for derivation of aquatic EQSs (e.g., lack of internationally agreed tests in some cases difficulties with prediction of safe concentrations), but use of special tests for these properties is only justified for a small subset of chemicals that meet clear criteria. Furthermore, EQSs for these substances should not be derived directly from in vitro data or from biomarkers of exposure but from in vivo tests alone. 

Appendix VIII of 40 CFR 261.11 identifies the universe of hazardous constituents of concern and is used by the EPA primarily to identify wastes that should be considered for listing. It consists of chemicals that have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. 

Authorisation. The use of chemicals considered to be of very high concern would be subject to authorisation. The aim is for such chemicals to be phased out and substituted, unless industry can show that the use presents negligible risk or that it is acceptable, taking into account its socioeconomic benefits, the lack of safer chemicals and measures to minimise exposure. Chemicals of very high concern are likely to include carcinogens, mutagens or reprotoxic substances (CMRs), particularly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances. 

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