Effect, carcinogenic mutagenic

TDL, the toxic do.se low, the smallest possible dose of the material causing poisonous effects, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or teratogenicity). 

Priority Effects = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, or neurotoxicity... 

In summary, preliminary results from two animal models (rabbit and mouse) indicate that poly(N-palmitoylhydroxyproline ester) elicits a very mild, local tissue response that compares favorably with the responses observed for established biomaterials such as medical grade stainless steel or poly(lactic acid)/poly(glycolic acid) implants. At this point, additional assays need to be performed to evaluate possible allergic responses, as well as systemic toxic effects, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic activity, and adaptive responses. 

Human toxicity Acute effects Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity/mutagenicity Developmental Teratogenicity/mutagenicity Neurotoxicity Endocrine disruption... 

The priority effects are carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Human toxicity is broader than priority effects, including acute toxicity, systemic toxicity (organ effects), immune system effects and skin/eye/respiratory damageaswellasthepriority effects. And toxicity as T includes both human toxicity and ecotoxicity. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

Couch, J.A., W.P. Schoor, W. Davis, and L. Courtney. 1983. Effects of Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Teratogens on Nonhuman Species (Aquatic Animals). U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-83-005. 46 pp. 

Tates, A.D.,Neuteboom, I., Hofker, M. and den Engelese, L. (1980). A micronucleus technique for detecting clastogenic effects of mutagens/carcinogens (DEN, DMN) in hepatocytes of rat liver in vivo. Mutation Res. 74 11-20. 

Kavlock RJ, Chemoff N, Rogers EH. 1985. The effect of acute maternal toxicity on fetal development in the mouse. Teratogenesis Carcinogen Mutagen 5 3-13. 

In earlier chapters, we discussed the discovery of new drugs. After a lead compound has been identified, it is subjected to a development process to optimize its properties. The development process includes pharmacological studies of the lead compound and its effects on toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive development. These data are important for determining the safety and effectiveness of the lead compound as a potential drug. 

Kitchin KT, Brown JE. 1989. Biochemical effects of three carcinogenic chlorinated methanes in rat liver. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 9 61-69. 

Table 8.2 gives a summary of the various toxicities and the stages at which they can occur. Also summarized are the causes for the specificity of the effect. With mutagenicity, certain pre-clinical toxicity, carcinogenicity and late clinical toxicology, the actual structure of the molecule is important and care should be taken to avoid the incorporation of toxicophores into compounds, as outlined about. Direct toxicity is addressed by ensuring the daily dose size is low, the intrinsic selectivity high and the physicochemical properties within reasonable boundaries. 

EHC monographs examine the physical and chemical properties and analytical methods sources of environmental and industrial exposure and environmental transport kinetics and meta-bohsm including absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination short- and long-term effects on animals, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and finally, an evaluation of risks for human health and the effects on the environment. 

For adverse effects such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and disease incidence, a hormetic effect means low-dose reduction and high-dose enhancement of response. The dose-response curve is the J-shape, see Figure 4.4. 

There are no reports of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or reproductive effects to humans ftom uncured resins, curing agents, or glycidyl ethers, but there are some positive... 

Natarajan AT, Tates AD, Van Buul PP, Mei-jers M, and De Vogel N. (1976) Cytogenetic effects of mutagens/carcinogens after activation in a microsomal system in vitro 1. Induction of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges by diethylnitrosamine... 

The lack of followup data on volunteers prevents certainty in predicting occurence or absence of delayed effects. The compounds are eliminated very rapidly from the body, but they produce a variety of acute effects that are short-lived and reversible, such as gastrointestinal distress after oral administration, pain at an injection site, dizziness, headache, and ocular discomfort. The Committee found no conclusive studies of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or reproductive anomalies associated with the four oximes and therefore did not reach a conclusion in this regard. 

A review of the literature on experiments to assess possible chronic effects, especially mutagenic activity and carcinogenicity, of the irritant and vesicant agents reveals that these effects have not been studied systematically by current standards and techniques. 

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