Mutagenic effects human carcinogens

In general, the Committee found insufficient evidence to evaluate these chemicals, except mustard gas. Mustard gas 1b an experimental mutagen and human carcinogen at high doses. Data on the other irritants are insufficient to evaluate their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term effects. Tests of all these chemicals involved few exposures and low doses. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS EPA RfD 0.004mg/kg/day Acute Risks irritation of eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract stinging, burning and whitening of skin dizziness drowsiness nausea headache shortness of breath unconsciousness gastrointestinal irritation liver, kidney and CNS effects Chronic Risks effects on liver, eyes, kidneys, cardiovascular system and immune system mutagen possible human carcinogen. 

The priority effects are carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Human toxicity is broader than priority effects, including acute toxicity, systemic toxicity (organ effects), immune system effects and skin/eye/respiratory damageaswellasthepriority effects. And toxicity as T includes both human toxicity and ecotoxicity. 

The problem is that nuclear wastes contain radioactive isotopes that release life-threatening ionizing radiation that may pose a threat to humans and the environment for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. This radiation can cause carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects in small amounts and can result in radiation sickness and death in larger amounts. 

Carcinogen in rats. Adverse effects in patients include nausea, vomiting, hepatic toxicity, reduced visual acuity, and blood abnormalities. Mutagenic in the Ames test and teratogenic in mice and rats. Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.1,4... 

Hypersensitivity reactions are exceedingly rare and no reports have been validated. Tumor-inducing effects are possible, as a consequence of various reports from animal and human studies that chromosomal abnormalities may be associated with exposure to LSD. However, its mutagenic effects in practice are questionable, and no useful evidence for or against its potential for carcinogenicity has been produced (4). 

In Japan, Uchiyama has recently published requirements for the safety evaluation of new excipients. These requirements include studies on acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproduction, dependency, antigenicity, carcinogenicity, and local irritation (human patch test). The first five of these tests are mandatory. With the exception of the local irritation test, for which a domestic trial is required, non-Japanese data are acceptable for these studies. Even if a material has been used in a pharmaceutical product outside Japan, the material is treated as a new excipient if there has been no prior use in Japan, although relevant overseas data for the material are acceptable for regulatory submission. A material is treated as a new excipient when the route of administration differs or the dose level exceeds that of prior use even after approval for the Japanese market.f ... 

It is not surprising that preservatives sometimes prove toxic to humans. To assess the toxicity of any substance, it is necessary to know its acute and cumulative toxicity together with its no effects levels and also to be aware of its mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic potential. In addition, its local actions as well as its liability to cause hypersensitization might be important. Any new preservative must be subjected to a battery of such mandatory tests to provide these data as must a new application of an established biocide. 

Brominated HAAs are formed in waters that contain bromide. There are very limited data available on the toxicity of these chemicals. There are no studies on the health effects of brominated HAAs in humans. No formal reports have been made of carcinogenic or mutagenic effects of brominated HAAs. Metabolism of brominated HAAs has received little attention. 

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