Carboxylated latex styrene-butadiene

Acrylics. Acetone is converted via the intermediate acetone cyanohydrin to the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) [80-62-6]. The MMA is polymerized to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make the familiar clear acryUc sheet. PMMA is also used in mol ding and extmsion powders. Hydrolysis of acetone cyanohydrin gives methacrylic acid (MAA), a monomer which goes direcdy into acryUc latexes, carboxylated styrene—butadiene polymers, or ethylene—MAA ionomers. As part of the methacrylic stmcture, acetone is found in the following major end use products acryUc sheet mol ding resins, impact modifiers and processing aids, acryUc film, ABS and polyester resin modifiers, surface coatings, acryUc lacquers, emulsion polymers, petroleum chemicals, and various copolymers (see METHACRYLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES METHACRYLIC POLYMERS). 

One method (116) of producing cellular polymers from a variety of latexes uses primarily latexes of carboxylated styrene—butadiene copolymers, although other elastomers such as acryUc elastomers, nitrile mbber, and vinyl polymers can be employed. 

Almost all synthetic binders are prepared by an emulsion polymerization process and are suppHed as latexes which consist of 48—52 wt % polymer dispersed in water (101). The largest-volume binder is styrene—butadiene copolymer [9003-55-8] (SBR) latex. Most SBRlatexes are carboxylated, ie, they contain copolymerized acidic monomers. Other latex binders are based on poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] and on polymers of acrylate esters. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a water-soluble, synthetic biader which is prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(viayl acetate) (see Latex technology Vinyl polymers). 

Polymeric particles can be constructed from a number of different monomers or copolymer combinations. Some of the more common ones include polystyrene (traditional latex particles), poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) copolymers, poly(styrene/acrylate) copolymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA), poly(vinyltoluene), poly(styrene/butadiene) copolymers, and poly(styrene/vinyltoluene) copolymers. In addition, by mixing into the polymerization reaction combinations of functional monomers, one can create reactive or functional groups on the particle surface for subsequent coupling to affinity ligands. One example of this is a poly(styrene/acrylate) copolymer particle, which creates carboxylate groups within the polymer structure, the number of which is dependent on the ratio of monomers used in the polymerization process. 

Figure 4. Styrene-butadiene latex (carboxylated-persulfate initiated)...

Since compounds of the type XVII have shown comparable activity in a number of systems including cis-polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene rubber, they have some commercial promise, and development work on these compounds is continuing. Nevertheless, they are not completely nondiscoloring, and in certain applications, particularly carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex films, yellow discoloration caused by the antioxidant is a serious drawback. We therefore turned our attention to ortho-linked compounds derived from 2,4-dialkylphenols. 

Table 14.6 illustrates typical improvements noted in epoxy hybrid formulations with vinyl chloride, acrylic, and styrene butadiene lattices. Tensile strengths of cured, latex-saturated paper substrates are listed in absolute numbers while those of latex-epoxy hybrids are listed as percent increases in tensile strength over that of the latex alone. The mechanisms believed responsible for these improvements are (1) cocuring of the epoxy group with carboxyl and amine functional groups present on the latex backbone and/or (2) homopolymerization of the epoxy catalyzed by the tertiary amine included in some hybrid formulations. 

The largest-volume synthetic rubber consumed is styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). In 2003, SBR solid rubber accounted for 41 percent of all synthetic rubber. If SBR latex and carboxylated SBR latex are included, its share increases to 55 percent. The major application of solid SBR is in the automotive and tire industry, accounting for approximately 70 percent of the use. Therefore, SBR has been tightly tied to the tire business.25... 

Chemical nature anionic carboxylated styrene butadiene latex... 

A latex adhesive is necessary to bond the tufts into the primary backing, adhere the individual fiber strands in the yarn tufts together so they don t separate and "piU at the carpet surface, and attach the secondary backing to this primary structure. This is accomplished almost exclusively by carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex containing 400 or more parts per hundred parts of rubber of a mineral filler. In addition to economics, this filler hel s provide density and stiffness to the carpet structure for the desired hand." Feld ar used to he the filler of choice, but less expensive calcium carbonate has replaced it in most instances. 

Low absorptive capacity primary foam dressings have been produced from a carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latex foam. The foam is bonded to a non-woven fabric coated with a polyethylene film which has been vacuum ruptured. The basic foam is naturally... 

After the paper making process is complete, latexes that are useful as binders for the application of clays or CaCC>3 to paper for printing paper may be prepared using the dimer of AMS. In a typical formulation, styrene, butadiene, Me methacrylate, and acrylonitrile were emulsion polymerized in the presence of AMS dimer to obtain a copolymer latex.473 Surprisingly, the AMS dimer was used in combination with tert-dodecylmercaptan, so there may have been some residual odor. Unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, or sulfonic acids, such as 2-ethylsulfonyl acrylate, or unsaturated amides, such as acrylamide, are also useful, providing the polarity necessary in these applications.474... 

It has been proved that incorporation of carboxylic acid groups in the polymeric chain has a significant effect on colloidal properties of latex, processability, and end-use property. Carboxylated styrene-butadiene latexes (XSBR) are prepared via batch emulsion copolymerization with different amounts of acrylic acid in the absence of emulsifier. They are among the most important polymeric colloids, and can be used as binder in paper coatings, carpet backing, paints, and nonwoven. There are several studies on the preparation and properties of XSBR latexes. 

Carboxylic Styrene-Butadiene (SB) Latex. The carboxylic latex was prepared by emulsion polymerization at 60°C using (in parts) butadiene (40), styrene (57.5), and acrylic acid (2.5) in the presence of demineralized water (138), 14C-sulfonate (0.5) as emulsifier, and tertiary dodecyl mercaptan (0.5) and ammonium persulfate (0.5) as initiator. 

Economical soy products including SPI, DSF, SPC, and SSF can be mixed and coagulated with polymer latex in the aqueous phase to form dry composites with significantly enhanced modulus. These dry soy products have a shear elastic modulus of 1-5 GPa within the temperature range of -40 to 140 C. The carboxylated styrene-butadiene composites filled with these soy products show a significant increase of shear modulus compared to that of the polymer matrix alone. The different compositions of these soy products generate a different reinforcement effect and approximately follow the order SPC > DSF > SSF SPI. The dehydration of these soy reinforcement fractions causes the... 

Styrene-butadiene rubber latex (SBR, GRS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber latex (NBR) are two of the earliest to arrive on the market. Since then, many other types have appeared, with poly(vinyl acetate) and copolymers, acrylics (generally polymers and copolymers of the esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acids), and carboxylic-SBR types being the major products. Since latices are aqueous emulsions, less... 

Stabilization of Carboxylated Styrene Butadiene (X-SBR) Latices Carboxylated SBR latices are used as adhesives in applications where durability and flexibility are desired. Some of the major uses for X-SBR latex are in tufted carpet backing, paper coatings, wall and vinyl floor tile adhesives, and pressure-sensitive adhesives. Typically, discoloration is the first measure of the degradation of an X-SBR latex. Discoloration of a dried latex film can often be related to a loss of the physical properties and subsequently, to inferior performance in an adhesive formulation. Figure 9 illustrates the effects of adding an effective antioxidant system to an X-SBR latex on the level of discoloration as a result of static oven aging at 150°C (300°F). The addition of AO-4 alone... 

This chapter concludes with brief reference to carboxylated rubber latexes. Further information, with references, is available in a review by Blackley [27]. Carboxylated rubber latexes contain rubbery polymers which have been modified by inclusion of a small amount of a copolymerisable carboxylic-acid monomer in the emulsion polymerization system by which they were prepared. Typical carboxylic-acid monomers are acrylic acid (XI), methacrylic acid (XII) and itaconic acid (XIII). The most industrially-important rubber latexes of this type are the carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber latexes. Also of considerable... 

Only types (l)-(4) fall within the scope of this chapter. No further reference will be made to emulsion-polymerized prolybutadiene rubbers, because they are now of little industrial significance relative to the styrene-butadiene rubbers. Poly(vinyl chloride) is discussed elsewhere in this book. Brief reference will also be made in this chapter (Section 15.5) to the production and properties of carboxylated variants of styrene-butadiene rubber latexes. It may also be noted that latexes of rubbery terpolymers of styrene, vinyl pyridine and butadiene, produced by emulsion polymerization, have long been of considerable industrial importance for the specialized application of treating textile fibres (e.g., tyre cords) in order to improve adhesion between the fibres and a matrix of vulcanized rubber in which they are subsequently to be embedded. 

Stephen, R., Ranganathaiah, C., Varghese, S., Joseph, K., and Thomas, S., Gas transport through nano and micro composites of natural rubber (NR) and their blends with carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex membranes. Polymer, XI, 858-870 (2006). 

Chem. Descrip. Carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer latex Uses Associative thickener for adhesives, suitable for coated and uncoated paper. Mylar, cellulose acetate, metalized polyester, aluminum, nonskid coating, and mastic substrates Features Very efficient... 

Uses Carboxylated comonomer for polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids, other acrylic acids, acrylic polymers, styrene-butadiene, vinyl acetate, nitrile latex comonomer for radiation-cured polyester/polyurethane resin paints antimigrant for pigment pad dyeing pigment print emulsifier... 

Waterborne dispersed polymers include both synthetic polymer dispersions and natural rubber. Synthetic polymer dispersions are produced by emulsion polymerization. A substantial part of the synthetic polymer dispersions is commercialized as dry products these include SBR for tires, nitrile rubbers, about 10% of the total PVC production, 75% of the total ABS and redispersable powders for construction materials. Carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymers, acrylic and styrene-acrylic latexes and vinyl acetate homopolymer and copolymers are the main polymer classes commercialized as dispersions. The main markets for these dispersions are paints and coatings, paper coating, adhesives and carpet backing. 

Polymer architecture plays a crucial role in final properties. Thus, in papers coated with carboxylated styrene-butadiene latexes, blister resistance decreases and dry pick increases... 

Table 7. Resins Recommended for use with Styrene-Butadiene Latexes - Hot, Cold or Carboxylated (2)...

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