Acid, copolymerization

Emulsion breakers are made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymerized with hydrophilic monomers [148]. The acid groups of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are oxalkylated by a mixture of polyglycols and polyglycol ethers to provide free hydroxy groups on the molecule. The copolymers are made by a conventional method, for example, by free radical copolymerization in solution, emulsion, or suspension. The oxalkylation is performed in the presence of an acid catalyst, the acid being neutralized by an amine when the reaction is complete. 

The relative proportions of triads is determined by the synthetic conditions chosen as described above for acrylic acid copolymers of acrylamide derived by either direct copolymerization or by hydrolysis. Also, the polymerization pH has a considerable effect on the reactivity in acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymerization. 

Itaconic acid, copolymerization with acrylic monomers, l 380t IT ALP AT files, 18 248 Italy... 

Oxazolines undergo polymerization upon exposure to a variety of cationic initiators such as strong Lewis acids or strong protic acids. Copolymerization between different oxazolines of defined composition can be carried out in a random manner or in a controlled fashion resulting in block polymers. Alternatively, oxazolines can also be grafted onto other types of polymers. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to review in detail this enormous and important subject. Instead, the... 

According to literature data vinyl esters of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid copolymerize randomly with each other (I), the monomers being incorporated into the copolymer in about the same ratio at which they are present in the monomer mixture. This means that for practical purposes the relative reactivity ratios ri and r > can be taken to be equal and unity. 

Vinyl esters of trialkylacetic acid copolymerize randomly with vinyl acetate. Paint latices with a very low residual monomer content, based on vinyl acetate-W 911 copolymers, can be prepared reproducibly via a variant of the monomer emulsion addition technique, when a relatively large part of the anionic emulsifier is present in the initial reactor charge. 

The kinetics of copolymerization and the microstructure of copolymers can be markedly influenced by the addition of Lewis acids. In particular, Lewis acids are effective in enhancing the tendency towards alternation in copolymerization of donor-acceptor monomer pairs and can give dramatic enhancements in the rate of copolymerization and much higher molecular weights than are observed for similar conditions without the Lewis acid. Copolymerizations where the electron deficient monomer is an acrylic monomer e.g. AN, MA, MMA) and the electron rich monomer is S or a diene have been the most widely studied." Strictly alternating copolymers of MMA and S can be prepared in the presence of, for example, dictliylaluminum scsquichloridc. In the absence of Lewis acids, there is only a small tendency for alternation in MAA-S copolymerization terminal model reactivity ratios are ca 0.51 and 0.49 - Section 7.3.1.2.3. Lewis acids used include EtAlCT, Et.AlCL ElALCL, ZnCT, TiCU, BCl- LiC104 and SnCL. 

H. J. Salavagione, D. F. Acevedo, M. C. Miras, A. J. Motheo, C. A. Barbero, Comparative study of 2-amino and 3-aminobenzoic acid copolymerization with aniline synthesis and copolymer properties, /o r a/ of Polymer Science Part A - Polymer Chemistry 2004, 42, 5587. 

Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (DIC), of Japan, is developing biodegradable plastics using lactic acid copolymerized with a... 

Example 7 Polypyrrole-Sulfonic Acid - Copolymerization of Poly pyrrole-co- 3-(pyrrol-l-yl)propanesulfonate] (7a)... 

Poly (Vinyl Acetate-co-Methacrylic acid) copolymeric microspheres crosslinked with N, N -methylene bisacrylamide have been prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization. The microspheres have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffractometry (X-RD) to understand about the drag dispersion in microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the surface morphology of particles prepared, and observe the spherical nature... 

B. Ta delen, N. Kayaman-Apohan, O. Guven, and B.M. Baysal, pH-thermoreversible hydrogels. I. Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/maleic acid) copolymeric hydrogels. Rad. Phys. Chem., 69,303-310, 2004. 

Triflic acid copolymerizations result in significant amounts of alternating copolymer. The triflate coimterion results in comparable rates of alkylation and propagation (paths A and B). Propagation yields ion pair II which predominantly alkylates m-DMB (path C) resulting in only minor amounts of indane enchainments (path D). 

The properties of 1 1 copolymers prepared from allyl alcohol and derivatives with MA have been very briefly examined.The copolymers are soluble in a variety of organic solvents, including acetone, 2-butanone, ethanol, propanol, DMF, dimethylsulfoxide, THF, pyridine, and dilute ammonia or alkalin solutions. A similar copolymer may be prepared from monoalkyl esters of maleic acid. Copolymerization of styrene with mono-allyl maleate or fumarate hinders cyclization, due to the highly reactive styrene. ... 

ABS Carboxylic acid (copolymerized) Epoxy/ABS Ring opening Tensile/impact 212... 

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