Binder volume

The minimum binder volume of the target composition is an alternative requirement to binder content. The minimum binder volume requirements, when used, should range from 6.0% to 11.0%, assigned to 11 categories, Byoi. o to Bvoiii.o (a 0.5% step is used). 

The binder volume is determined in accordance to CEN EN 12697-8 (2003). The density determination method is selected from CEN EN 13108-20 (2008), Table D.l. 

When additives are also used, their type as well as their content in the mixture should be determined. 

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The ratio of total binder volume to total particle volume in the bed is denoted by y. If all granules are uniform fhis quantity must equal the binder volume to particle volume ratio for each granule. By defini-fion, the volume of parficles per granule is aVg and fhe volume of binder per granule isfWg less fhe deficiency of binder at the granule surface, AS sn Therefore y is given by... 

Reduction in AC usage - Stable sulphur asphalt emulsions can be produced with up to 40%/wt. sulphur. Since binder volume is the critical factor in the paving mix, and since the relative density of the emulsion binder is greater than regular AC, the substitution of AC by sulphur is not a one-to-one relationship. With a 40 60 emulsion, AC usage is reduced by approximately 27%/wt. This can provide a significant cost saving as well as a lesser dependence on not-always reliable asphalt supplies. 

The hardness methods traditionally used in the abrasive industry are Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Mackensen-Zeiss (Table 5.8). Their useful range follows from the grain size used in the product and the bond force of the structure (binder volume) (Fig. 9.2). 

In another attempt to determine good scale-up parameters, the University of Maryland group under the direction of Dr. Larry Augsburger has applied the ideas of Leuenberger and Horsthuis to show that, for a specific material, end-point can be expressed in terms of wet massing time. For a constant ratio of a binder volume to a batch size, this factor was found to be inversely proportional to impeller speed when the impeller tip speed was held constant for all batches. However, this result was not corroborated by other studies or other materials. 

Figure 104. Flexural strength deptendence on binder volume of TiB2-Fe cermets with and without FejB (after [343]).

Figure 105. Variation of strength with Mo content in the binder phase of TiB2-Fe cermets (after [115]). Binder volume A, 12.5vol.-% , 15vol.-% , 17.5 vol.-%.

MA is designated as a voidless bituminous mixture in which the filler volume and binder volume exceed the remaining volume of voids in the mix. 

Syntactic foams can be fiirther subdivided into two-, three- or four-phase foams. The microstructure of a two-phase foam has only the polymer binder and hollow microspheres (see Fig. 7a). Note that there is enough binder phase to fill the volume between microspheres. In contrast, in a three-phase material there is not enough binder volume to fill the spaces between microspheres (Fig. 7b). The voids in the binder constitute the third phases. Of course, fibers can be added to make the fourth constituent in the composite foam (Fig. 7c). 

The effects of binder volume, binder rheology, binder surface property, and binder particle size on melt agglomeration have largely been reported in relation... 

The effect of formulation variables, such as granule wetness (binder volume), drying temperature and compression pressure, and the swelling capacity (index) of... 

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