Carbon disulfide, safety

The various fumigants often exhibit considerable specificity toward insect pests, as shown in Table 8. The proper choice for any control operation is determined not only by the effectiveness of the gas but by cost safety to humans, animals, and plants flammabdity penetratabdity effect on seed germination and reactivity with furnishings. The fumigants may be used individually or in combination. Carbon tetrachloride has been incorporated with carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, or ethylene dibromide to decrease flammability, and carbon dioxide is used with ethylene oxide for the same purpose. 

The most important hazard ia the manufacturiag of xanthates is the use of carbon disulfide (qv) because of its low flash poiat, ignition temperature, and its toxicity. A report on the manufacture of sodium ethyl xanthate at Keimecott Nevada Mines Division discusses the various safety problems and the design of a faciUty (81). A plant layout and a description of the reagent preparations are also given. 

The earliest method for manufacturiag carbon disulfide involved synthesis from the elements by reaction of sulfur and carbon as hardwood charcoal in externally heated retorts. Safety concerns, short Hves of the retorts, and low production capacities led to the development of an electric furnace process, also based on reaction of sulfur and charcoal. The commercial use of hydrocarbons as the source of carbon was developed in the 1950s, and it was still the predominate process worldwide in 1991. That route, using methane and sulfur as the feedstock, provides high capacity in an economical, continuous unit. Retort and electric furnace processes are stiU used in locations where methane is unavailable or where small plants are economically viable, for example in certain parts of Africa, China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, South America, and the Middle East. Other technologies for synthesis of carbon disulfide have been advocated, but none has reached commercial significance. 

Health ha2ards linked to carbon disulfide are extensively covered (136). Also available are epidemiological studies (144—146), general reviews containing many references (147—150), and a Material Safety Data Sheet (151). 

Carbon Disulfide. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-12, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., 1967. 

P. J. Igoe, Material Safety Data Sheet No. 350, Carbon Disulfide, Rev. C, Genium Publishing Corp., Schenectady, N.Y., Apr. 1989. 

Anon., ABCM Quart. Safety Summ., 1943, 14, 18 Commercial iron carbonyl (fl.p.35°C) has an autoignition temperature in contact with brass of 93°C, lower than that of carbon disulfide. 

MRH Barium chlorate 5.06/83, calcium chlorate 5.61/77, potassium chlorate 6.07/76, sodium bromate 4.98/80, sodium chlorate 7.32/75, zinc chlorate 6.11/76 Dry finely divided mixtures of red (or white) phosphorus with chlorates, bromates or iodates of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc will readily explode on initiation by friction, impact or heat. Fires have been caused by accidental contact in the pocket between the red phosphorus in the friction strip on safety-match boxes and potassium chlorate tablets. Addition of a little water to a mixture of white or red phosphorus and potassium iodate causes a violent or explosive reaction. Addition of a little of a solution of phosphorus in carbon disulfide to potassium chlorate causes an explosion when the solvent evaporates. The extreme danger of mixtures of red phosphorus (or sulfur) with chlorates was recognised in the UK some 50 years ago when unlicenced preparation of such mixtures was prohibited by Orders in Council. 

OSHA. 1979. Method No. 05. Collection on charcoal adsorbent, desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. Organic Methods Evaluation Branch, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Analytical Lab, Salt Lake City, UT. May 1979. 

The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has approved a method for the analysis of chloroprene in workplace air. The method [Method 1002] involves passing the sample through a solid sorbent tube of coconut shell charcoal, desorbing with carbon disulfide, and analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The estimated limit of detection for this method is 0.03 mg per sample or 3.8 mg/m3 assuming a maximum air sample of 8 L (Eller, 1994). 

Twenty-four grams of pure sulfur (recrystallized from carbon disulfide) are mixed in a pressure bottle with 19ml of dry bromine, and heated behind a safety screen for 2... 

Neurological and Physiological Effects of Carbon Disulfide Exposure Review and Evaluation,." Westinghouse Behavioral Safety Center, Interim Report, NI0SH Contract HSM-99-73-35. Columbia, MD (1973). 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation and ingestion. A corrosive eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Potentially explosive reaction with water evolves hydrogen chloride and phosphine, which then ignites. Explosive reaction with 2,6-dimethylpyridine N-oxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ferrocene-1,1 -dicarboxylic acid, pyridine N-oxide (above 60°C), sodium -L heat. Violent reaction or ignition with BI3, carbon disulfide, 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole + dimethyl formamide, organic matter, zinc powder. Reacts with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes. Incompatible with carbon disulfide, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, 2,6-dimethylpyridine N-oxide, dimethylsulfoxide, ferrocene-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, water, zinc. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of Cl" and POx. 

This reaction involves environmentally hazardous and toxic chemicals, including reactants, intermediates, and products. Therefore, waste discharge as well as operational safety require special attention. Carbon disulfide also is used... 

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates levels of carbon disulfide in the workplace (see Table 7-1). OSHA requires that workroom air contain no more than an average of 20 ppm of carbon disulfide over an 8-hour working shift for 5 consecutive days in a work week. 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that the average workroom air levels of carbon disulfide not exceed 1 ppm over a 10-hour period. For more information on rules and standards for carbon disulfide, see Chapter 7. 

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, and/or measuring, and/or monitoring carbon disulfide, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to carbon disulfide. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well-established methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis. Many of the analytical methods used for environmental samples are the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other methods presented in this chapter are those that are approved by groups such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and the American Public Health Association (APHA). 

NIOSH. 1977. Criteria for a recommended standard. Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Criteria Documentation and Standards Development. DHEW(NIOSH) publication no. 77-156. 

Stauffer Chemical Company. 1973. Product safety information - Carbon disulfide. Westport, Connecticut Stauffer Chemical Company, Industrial Chemical Division. Report No. 1044-000-00/73. 

UK/HSE. 1981. Carbon disulfide. London, England United Kingdom, Health and Safety Executive, His Majesty s Stationery Office. 

The analysis of the collected average shift samples was made with a method validated by us, based on NIOSH method 1600/1994 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). After eluation of the activated charcoal with toluene the test was made with a gas chromatograph with mass selective detector Perkin Elmer and capillary column DB-5, 30 m long and thickness of the coating 0.25pm. Helium was used as carrier gas. Apparatus conditions injector temperature 250°C, detector temperature 250°C, carrier gas pressure - 7 psig. The quantitative assessment of the samples was performed after absolute calibration with standard solutions of carbon disulfide in toluene. The limit of detection of the method is 0.01 mg/m3 at 25dm3 air sample. 

Reactions in nitromethane should be carried out at temperatures below 100°, in order to avoid the explosions that have been reported from time to time.45 Noteworthy is that nitromethane is an excellent solvent for aluminum chloride and has given excellent service in Friedel-Crafts alkylations46 and acylations 47 it is to be preferred to carbon disulfide for such reactions because of its greater safety. 

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