Carbon aluminum extraction

When examining curves of this type, one involuntarily inquires if both phases of the reaction are caused by the same enzyme or if the second phase is not an action of traces of /3-amylase. But if malt extracts are heated to temperatures causing inactivation of the /3-amylase, a variation of time and temperature does not alter the relation between the velocities of the two phases nor the relation between these velocities and the time necessary to change the starch so that it is not colored by iodine. These relations also are not altered if the a-amylase is partly removed from the solutions by adsorption on bentonite, activated carbon, aluminum... 

Electrochemical technology has a history dating back deep into the nineteenth century and carbon electrodes have been major players in this success [1-4]. In the early cells for both the two largest electrolytic industries, chlor-alkali and aluminum extraction, the electrodes were blocks of carbon or graphite. The past 50 years, however, has seen the development of carbons with different structures and often their availability in a range of forms. Thus, it is possible to purchase electrodes based on graphites, carbons, thermally treated carbons (e.g., vitreous or glassy carbon), expanded carbons, carbon/polymer composites, and doped diamond materials. Moreover, some of these materials are available in many forms as follows ... 

In addition to the two largest electrolytic industries, chlor-alkah and aluminum extraction, carbon anodes have been used for the manufacture of other inorganic products. These include fluorine and ozone manufacture, two chemistries requiring the anode to operate at extreme positive potentials. In organic electrosynthesis, carbons have been used as both anodes and cathodes. 

Significant amounts of cryoHte are also recovered from waste material ia the manufacture of aluminum. The carbon lining of the electrolysis ceUs, which may contain 10—30% by weight of cryoHte, is extracted with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution and the cryoHte precipitated with carbon dioxide (28). Gases from operating ceUs containing HF, CO2, and fluorine-containing dusts may be used for the carbonation (29). 

Other recovery methods have been used (10). These include leaching ores and concentrates using sodium sulfide [1313-82-2] and sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] and subsequentiy precipitating with aluminum [7429-90-3], or by electrolysis (11). In another process, the mercury in the ore is dissolved by a sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] solution, the mercury-laden solution is then passed through activated carbon [7440-44-0] to absorb the mercury, and the activated carbon heated to produce mercury metal. Mercury can be extracted from cinnabar by electrooxidation (12,13). 

Commercial Hquid sodium alumiaates are normally analyzed for total alumiaa and for sodium oxide by titration with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid [60-00-4] (EDTA) or hydrochloric acid. Further analysis iacludes the determiaation of soluble alumiaa, soluble siHca, total iasoluble material, sodium oxide content, and carbon dioxide. Aluminum and sodium can also be determiaed by emission spectroscopy. The total iasoluble material is determiaed by weighing the ignited residue after extraction of the soluble material with sodium hydroxide. The sodium oxide content is determiaed ia a flame photometer by comparison to proper standards. Carbon dioxide is usually determiaed by the amount evolved, as ia the Underwood method. 

The vinyl ether may be further purified by dissolving it in 15 ml of dry ether and adding a solution of 0.25 g of lithium aluminum hydride in 10 ml of dry ether. The mixture is refluxed for 30 minutes, and excess hydride is destroyed by addition of ethyl acetate (1 ml). Ice-cold dilute (0.5 N) sulfuric acid (25 ml) is gradually added to the cooled mixture, the ethereal layer is rapidly separated, the aqueous layer is extracted once with 10 ml of ether, and the combined ethereal solution is washed once with water and dried over potassium carbonate. Removal of the solvent, followed by distillation of the residue affords about 85% recovery of the pure vinyl ether, bp 102-10376 mm, 1.5045. 

A mixture of 10.3 g of thiophene-20 -methylacetic acid [prepared by process of Bercot-Vat-teroni, et al.. Bull. Soc. Chim. (1961) pp. 1820-211, 11.10 g of benzoyl chloride and a suspension of 23.73 g of aluminum chloride in 110 cc of chloroform was allowed to stand for 15 minutes and was then poured into a mixture of ice and hydrochloric acid. The chloroform phase was extracted with a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution and the aqueous alkaline phase was acidified with N hydrochloric acid and was then extracted with ether. The ether was evaporated off and the residue was crystallized from carbon tetrachloride to obtain a 54% yield of 5-benzoyl-thiophene-20 -methylacetic acid melting at 83°C to 85°C. The... 

A mixture of 45.6 g. (0.2 mole) of benzilic acid (Note 1) in 700 ml. of anhydrous thiophene-free benzene, contained in a 2-1. three-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser (attached to a calcium chloride drying tube) and a motor-driven sealed stirrer, is cooled in an ice bath until a crystalline mass results. To the stirred mixture is added, in one portion, 80 g. (0.6 mole) of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The stirred mixture is heated until refluxing begins and is maintained at this temperature for 3 hours. During this period much hydrogen chloride is evolved, and the initially yellow solution soon becomes deep red. The solution is cooled and decomposed by the cautious addition of small pieces of ice, and then 400 ml. of water is added cautiously, followed by 200 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The benzene is removed by steam distillation, and the product is separated by filtration from the hot mixture. The lumps of product are crushed and extracted with 400 ml. of boiling 10% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture is filtered, and the extraction is repeated on the undissolved residue with an additional 200 ml. of hot 10% sodium carbonate solution. The basic filtrates are... 

The presence of sulfur compounds, especially thiophene, in the reagents leads to low yields and a dark-colored product. A good grade of thiophene-free benzene should be used. The benzene may be dried by distillation or by allowing it to stand over calcium chloride. The benzene which is recovered in this preparation may be used in future runs after it has been extracted with alkali, washed, and dried. Small amounts of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene do not interfere, since the quantities of benzene and carbon tetrachloride used are in excess of the relative quantity of the aluminum chloride. 

To a flame-dried, three-neck, 1-1 flask were added, in order, p-xylene (107 g, 1.0 mol), phosphorus trichloride (412 g, 3.0 mol), and anhydrous aluminum chloride (160 g, 1.2 mol). The reaction mixture was slowly heated to reflux with stirring. After 2.5 h at reflux, the reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature and the volatile components distilled at reduced pressure. The residual oil was slowly added to cold water (1 1) with stirring, and a white solid formed. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with water, and air dried. The solid was suspended in water (1 1) to which was added 50% sodium hydroxide solution (90 ml) to cause dissolution. The solution was saturated with carbon dioxide and filtered through Celite . The basic solution was washed with methylene chloride (200 ml) and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (200 ml). The white solid that separated was isolated by extraction with methylene chloride (3 x 250 ml). The extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give the pure 2,5-dimethylbenzenephosphinic acid (99 g, 60%) as an oil, which slowly crystallized to a solid of mp 77-79°C. 

Calsinter A process for extracting aluminum from fly ash and from flue-gas desulfurization sludge. The ash is sintered with calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate at 1,000 to 1,200°C and then leached with sulfuric acid. Developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States in 1976, but not known to have been piloted. 

Pedersen A process for extracting aluminum from bauxite, which also yields metallic iron. The ore is first smelted in an electric furnace with limestone, iron ore, and coke at 1,350 to 1,400°C to produce a calcium aluminate slag and metallic iron. Aluminium is leached from the slag by sodium carbonate solution, and alumina is then precipitated from the leachate by carbon dioxide. The process requires cheap electricity and a market for the iron. It was invented by H. Pedersen in 1924 and operated at Hoy anger, Norway, from 1928 until the mid-1960s. British Patent 232,930. 

Seailles-Dyckerhoff A process for extracting aluminum from clays and other aluminous minerals rich in silica. The ore is calcined with limestone in a rotary kiln. The product is leached with aqueous sodium carbonate, yielding sodium aluminate solution, from which alumina is precipitated by carbon dioxide. Invented by J. C. Seailles and W. R. G. Dyckerhoff in 1938 piloted in Tennessee in 1942, South Carolina in 1945, and Germany during World War II. See also Pedersen. 

Goishi and Libby have investigated the extraction of pertechnetate from alkali solutions with pyridine. Later work showed that a better extraction is obtained using a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate as the aqueous phase. Since the uranyl carbonate complex is not extracted into pyridine, this system may be used for the separation of technetium from uranium. Distribution coefficients of fission products in pyridine are given in Table 4. Substituted pyridine such as 2,4-dimethylpyridine or 4-(5-nonyl)pyridine ) are useful for separating technetium from solutions containing appreciable amounts of aluminum nitrate. 

A typical lithium-ion cell consists of a positive electrode composed of a thin layer of powdered metal oxide (e.g., LiCo02) mounted on aluminum foil and a negative electrode formed from a thin layer of powdered graphite, or certain other carbons, mounted on a copper foil. The two electrodes are separated by a porous plastic film soaked typically in LiPFe dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), or diethyl carbonate (DEC). In the charge/ discharge process, lithium ions are inserted or extracted from the interstitial space between atomic layers within the active materials. 

N-Methylmorphinane. 2.7 g of the decahydro compound above in 25 ml of 85% phosphoric acid is refluxed for 70 hours and then poured onto ice. The aqueous phase is extracted with ether and the product is salted out with potassium carbonate. It is then taken up with ether, dried, and distilled at 130-132° at 0.7 mm of vacuo to give 1 g ofN-Methyl morphinane mixed with a small amount of octahydroisoquinoline, which can be removed by column chromatography. Use 0.5 g of product in 4 ml of low boiling petroleum ether and add onto the top of 30 g of aluminum oxide in a 50 ml buret or column. Elute with 20 ml portions of low boiling ether to which is added 0,0,0,1,3,5,5, and 5 ml of ethyl ether, respectively. The last three portions eluted over 0.3 g of purified product. 

In a one-liter flask fitted with a reflux condenser 31.8 g (0.265 mol) of acetophenone is dissolved in 130 ml of absolute ethanol and 130 ml of dry sulfur-free benzene, and 0.5 g of mercuric chloride and 8 g (0.296 g-atom) of aluminum foil are added. Heating of the mixture initiates a vigorous reaction which is allowed to proceed without external heating until it moderates. Then the flask is heated to maintain reflux until all of the aluminum has dissolved (2 hours). After cooling the reaction mixture is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid and the product is extracted with benzene. The combined organic layers are washed with dilute acid, with a solution of sodium carbonate, and with a saturated solution of sodium chloride they are then dried with sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. A rapid vacuum distillation affords a fraction at 160-170° at 0.5 mm which, after dissolving in petroleum ether (b.p. 65-110°), gives 18.0 g (56%) of 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol, m.p. 100-123°. 

Rubidium is recovered from its ore lepidolite or pollucite. Mineral lepidolite is a lithium mica having a composition KRbLi(OH,F)Al2Si30io. The ore is opened by fusion with gypsum (potassium sulfate) or with a mixture of barium sulfate and barium carbonate. The fused mass is extracted with hot water to leach out water-soluble alums of cesium, rubidium, and potassium. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble residues. Alums of alkali metals are separated from solution by fractional crystallization. Solubility of rubidium alum or rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, RbAl(S04)2 I2H2O falls between potassium and cesium alum. 

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