Discharge process

Electric Discharge Processes. The synthetic mbber plant built by the 1. G. Farbenindustrie during World War 11 at Hbls, contained the first successful commercial instaUation for the electric arc cracking of lower hydrocarbons to acetylene. The plant, with a capacity of 200 t/d, was put into operation in August 1940. 

The electric discharge processes can supply the necessary energy very rapidly and convert more of the hydrocarbons to acetylene than in regenerative or partial combustion processes. The electric arc provides energy at a very high flux density so that the reaction time can be kept to a minimum (see... 

The carbon black (soot) produced in the partial combustion and electrical discharge processes is of rather small particle si2e and contains substantial amounts of higher (mostly aromatic) hydrocarbons which may render it hydrophobic, sticky, and difficult to remove by filtration. Electrostatic units, combined with water scmbbers, moving coke beds, and bag filters, are used for the removal of soot. The recovery is illustrated by the BASF separation and purification system (23). The bulk of the carbon in the reactor effluent is removed by a water scmbber (quencher). Residual carbon clean-up is by electrostatic filtering in the case of methane feedstock, and by coke particles if the feed is naphtha. Carbon in the quench water is concentrated by flotation, then burned. 

B. Chapman, Gloiv Discharge Processes, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1980. 

An excellent review covers the charge and discharge processes in detail (30) and ongoing research on lead—acid batteries may be found in two symposia proceedings (32,33). Detailed studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of lead —acid battery reactions are pubUshed continually (34). Although many questions concerning the exact nature of the reactions remain unanswered, the experimental data on the lead—acid cell are more complete than for most other electrochemical systems. 

Self-Discharge Processes. The shelf life of the lead—acid battery is limited by self-discharge reactions, first reported in 1882 (46), which proceed slowly at room temperature. High temperatures reduce shelf life significantly. The reactions which can occur are well defined (47) and self-discharge rates in lead—acid batteries having immobilized electrolyte (48) and limited acid volumes (49) have been measured. 

Demonstration of GDMS feasibility and research into glow-discharge processes has been carried out almost exclusively using the combination of a glow-discharge ion source with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (GDQMS). The combination is inexpensive, readily available and suitable for such purposes. In addition, the quadru-... 

Specific criteria which govern the acceptability of discharging process fluids to atmosphere. 

The reaction of trifluoromethyl radicals, generated in a radio-frequency discharge process, with elemental mercury f/7i], mercury halides [174], dime-thylmercuiy [24], or HgO [175] has been used for the preparation of CFjHgX and (CF3)2Hg. Direct fluorination of dimethylmercury with elemental fluorine gives (CF3)2Hg [176],... 

During the discharge process electrons are released at the anode from the electrochemical active material, which is oxi-... 

The self-discharge process has made experimental determination of the reversible potential of the Ni(OH)2/NiOOH couple very difficult. A major advance was the realization by Bourgault and Conway... 

The charge-discharge process can be repeated quite often, since the decisive parameters, solubility and dissolution rate of the various compounds, are well matched in the lead-acid battery system. The chemical conversions occur close to each other, and most of the material transport takes place in the micrometer range. Nevertheless, a gradual disintegration of the active material is observed. 

We have shown that the cationic species are almost dominant and only a small portion of the cationic species is neutralized (discharged) when they are trapped at the bilayer interface. The discharging of the small portion of the cationic species DEC H in membranes is confirmed by the pH change study [48]. The proton should be released into the aqueous phase in the discharging process of DEC H+ at the membrane surface. In fact, the pH of the solution is decreased to a small extent after the addition of the EPC SUV. This means that only a small portion of the DEC H molecules is discharged the pH value is not decreased to the value of the complete discharging. The fraction of the DEC neutralized at the bilayer surface is estimated to be smaller than 1% of the total amount. 

The process is conducted at 700 °C. It yields semicoke, which is popular as a smokeless domestic fuel. It can at times be used in boiler also to avoid smoke. Yield of coke oven gas is less, of tar high, and of ammonia less. Calorific value of coke oven gas generated is more. The process produces aliphatic natured tar. Following carbonization the coke discharging process is difficult as it swells extensively but does not shrink much upon carbonization. Free carbon in tar (produced from the cracking of hydrocarbons) is less Coke produced is weaker. Volatile matter in the coke produced is more. Hydrogen content in the coke oven gas is less. 

The exergy efficiencies for the charging, storing and discharging processes,... 

Gopa et al. [23] reported about open Zeolite/water systems for the storage of solar heat. In their work they were presenting stability tests, methods for the definition of the adsorption enthalpy in dependence on the adsorbed amount of water and the possible heating power during the discharging process. 

In these systems the converter is producing waste heat, which has to be released to the ambient connected to an entropy flow caused by the irreversibilities within the converter. The discharging process will be a heat pump process, where the entropy has to be taken from the ambient. Therefore it is obvious that these systems have to be coupled to the ambient conditions. Such a storage is not self-sufficient. These systems are called indirect thermal energy storages. 

The lower part of Figure 246 shows the discharging process, where the heat for evaporation is taken from the beer and the heat of adsorption is released through the surface of the keg. 

The discharging process, at the lower part of Figure 255, shows inlet and outlet air temperatures of the storage. Saturated air from the humidifier enters... 

Hsiao, M.C., Merritt, B.T., Penetrante, B.M. et al. (1995) Plasma-assisted decomposition of methanol and trichloroethylene in atmospheric pressure air streams by electrical discharge processing, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 3451-6. 

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