Butylene polymer

Propylene Butylene Polymer Propylene Dichloride Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Propylene Glycol Mono-acrylate Propylene Glycol Monomethacrylate Propylene Glycol Propylenimine Propylene Oxide... 

Propylene Butylene Polymer Dichloropropane Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Hydroxypropyl Acrylate Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Propylene Glycol Propyleneimine Inhibited Propylene Oxide... 

Propylene Butylene Polymer Propylene Tetramer Styrene (inhibited)... 

Propylene polymers are relatively stable, but the butylene polymers can be broken down under many conditions. Such a breakdown occurs when butylene polymers are charged to an alkylation unit, when the individual butylene molecules react with the isobutane. The stability of the propylene polymers is one of the reasons why they are preferred as starting materials for such reactions as the synthesis of dodecyl benzene in the manufacture of detergents. 

Examples of commercially available polymers are the Poly bd R45-HTLO Resin of Sartomer (hydroxyl-terminated homopolymer of polybutadiene) or Kraton Liquid L-2203 (hydroxyl-terminated ethylene/butylene polymer) of Kraton Polymers. 

Figure 8 Schematic representation of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide nanorods embedded in a poly(ethylene-co-butylene) polymer matrix. ...

Buckley, D. J., Contribution on Butylene polymers . Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Technology (Vol 2), Wiley, New York (1965). Kennedy, J. P., Chapter 5A in Polymer Chemistry of Synthetic Elastomers Part I (Eds. J. P. Kennedy and E. G. M. Tornqvist), Interscience, New York (1%8). 

Propylene Butylene Polymer Propylene Butylene Polymer... 

Propylene Butylene Polymer Propylene Glycol Propylene Oxide Propylene Tetramer Propyl Ether Pyridine... 

For general reactions see olefins. The butylenes are used to prepare 2-butanol. I-Butene and isobutene are formed into widely used polymers. 

Uses. The largest uses of butanediol are internal consumption in manufacture of tetrahydrofuran and butyrolactone (145). The largest merchant uses are for poly(butylene terephthalate) resins (see Polyesters,thermoplastic) and in polyurethanes, both as a chain extender and as an ingredient in a hydroxyl-terminated polyester used as a macroglycol. Butanediol is also used as a solvent, as a monomer for vadous condensation polymers, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. 

Solvents. The most widely used solvent is deionized water primarily because it is cheap and readily available. Other solvents include ethanol, propjdene glycol or butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. There is a trend in styling products toward alcohol-free formulas. This may have consumer appeal, but limits the formulator to using water-soluble polymers, and requires additional solvents to solubilize the fragrance and higher levels of preservatives. 

Small amounts of polymer-grade terephthaHc acid and dimethyl terephthalate are used as polymer raw materials for a variety of appHcations, eg, adhesives and coatings. They are also used to make high performance polymers or engineering resins. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is itself an engineering resin, although one more widely used is poly (butylene) terephthalate, formed by reaction with 1,4-butanediol as the comonomer. 

Automotive appHcations account for about 116,000 t of woddwide consumption aimuaHy, with appHcations for various components including headlamp assembHes, interior instmment panels, bumpers, etc. Many automotive appHcations use blends of polycarbonate with acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) or with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (see Acrylonitrile polymers). Both large and smaH appHances also account for large markets for polycarbonate. Consumption is about 54,000 t aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is attractive to use in light appHances, including houseware items and power tools, because of its heat resistance and good electrical properties, combined with superior impact resistance. 

During the eady development of polycarbonates, many bisphenols were investigated for potential useftil products. Some of these monomers and polymers are hsted in Table 3. Despite this intensive search, however, no homopolycarbonates other than that of BPA have been produced. Copolymers and blends, on the other hand, have been quite successhil. Blends of polycarbonate with ABS and with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT in particular have shown significant growth since the mid-1980s. 

The principal polymers to be described are poly(butylene terephthalate) [26062-94-2] (PBT) poly(ethylene terephthalate [25038-59-9] (PET) poly(cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate) [24936-69-4] (CHDMT), and mention will be made of poly(ethylenenaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate)... 

Noncrystalline aromatic polycarbonates (qv) and polyesters (polyarylates) and alloys of polycarbonate with other thermoplastics are considered elsewhere, as are aHphatic polyesters derived from natural or biological sources such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(glycoHde), or poly(lactide) these, too, are separately covered (see Polymers, environmentally degradable Sutures). Thermoplastic elastomers derived from poly(ester—ether) block copolymers such as PBT/PTMEG-T [82662-36-0] and known by commercial names such as Hytrel and Riteflex are included here in the section on poly(butylene terephthalate). Specific polymers are dealt with largely in order of volume, which puts PET first by virtue of its enormous market volume in bottie resin. 

Work had gone on in both the United States and Europe, notably at Du Pont and ICI Ltd. in the United Kingdom, on exploring the whole series of alkylene terephthalate polymers in connection with new synthetic fibers. Poly(l,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was investigated in detail, as it had very... 

Poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) precipitate from the resin solution as it cures. This mechanism offsets the contraction in volume as the polyester resin cross-links, resulting in a nonshrinking thermoset. Other polymer additives such as poly(butylene adipate) provide similar shrinkage... 

As more complex multicomponent blends are being developed for commercial appHcations, new approaches are needed for morphology characterization. Often, the use of RuO staining is effective, as it is sensitive to small variations in the chemical composition of the component polymers. For instance PS, PC, and styrene—ethylene/butylene—styrene block copolymers (SEES) are readily stained, SAN is stained to a lesser degree, and PET and nylons are not stained (158,225—228). 

Other by-products include acetone, carbonaceous material, and polymers of propylene. Minor contaminants arise from impurities in the feed. Ethylene and butylenes can form traces of ethyl alcohol and 2-butanol. Small amounts of / -propyl alcohol carried through into the refined isopropyl alcohol can originate from cyclopropane [75-19-4] in the propylene feed. Acetone, an oxidation product, also forms from thermal decomposition of the intermediate sulfate esters, eg. 

Among the butylenes, isobutylene has become one of the important starting materials for the manufacture of polymers and chemicals. There are ... 

Polymer Gasoline. Refinery trends tend to favor alkylation over polymerisation. Unlike the alkylation process, polymerisation does not require isobutane. The catalyst is usually phosphoric acid impregnated on kieselghur pellets. Polymerisation of butylenes is not an attractive alternative to alkylation unless isobutane is unavailable. The motor octane number of polymer gasoline is also low, and there is considerable shrinkage ia product volume. The only commercial unit to be built ia recent years is at Sasol ia South Africa. The commercial process was developed by UOP ia the 1940s (104). 

Polymers account for about 3—4% of the total butylene consumption and about 30% of nonfuels use. Homopolymerization of butylene isomers is relatively unimportant commercially. Only stereoregular poly(l-butene) [9003-29-6] and a small volume of polyisobutylene [25038-49-7] are produced in this manner. High molecular weight polyisobutylenes have found limited use because they cannot be vulcanized. To overcome this deficiency a butyl mbber copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene has been developed. Low molecular weight viscous Hquid polymers of isobutylene are not manufactured because of the high price of purified isobutylene. Copolymerization from relatively inexpensive refinery butane—butylene fractions containing all the butylene isomers yields a range of viscous polymers that satisfy most commercial needs (see Olefin polymers Elastomers, synthetic-butylrubber). 

Ethylene oxide (qv), propylene oxide (qv), butylene oxide, and other epoxides react with ethanol to give a variety of Uquid, viscous, semiwax, and soUd products. These products are used ia the coatings iadustry as solvents, and as paints, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, and special-purpose polymers. Recent concerns about the health effects of ethanol containing glycol ethers have led to the decline in the production of these compounds. 

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