Dodecyl benzene

The isomerization of hydrocarbons in the petroleum industiy and the production of dodecyl benzene for detergents accounts for a further 10% each of the AICI3 used. 

XRD analysis of the solid product showed three main peaks at 28.5 , 47.4 and 56.3 , which indicated that pure crystalline CuCl was formed [3]. Several well-known dispersants polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium hexameta phosphate (SHP), the sodium salt of EDTA (EDTA-Na), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were introduced to obtain a highly dispersed catalyst. The X-ray patterns obtained with these were basically the same as the patterns obtained with the solids prepared in the other experiments described here. 

By asserting that the film thickness remains proportional to the 2/3 power of the capillary number, they establish that the dynamic pressure drop for surfactant-laden bubbles also varies with the capillary number to the 2/3 power but with an unknown constant of proportionality. New pressure-drop data for a 1 wt% commercial surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (Siponate DS-10), in water, after correction for the liquid indices between the bubbles, confirmed the 2/3 power dependence on Ca and revealed significant increases over the Bretherton theory due to the soluble surfactant. 

While raising the pH gave some improvements in lather, more improvement was needed. Various co-surfactants, including alkyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, and fatty acid taurides were effective in improving the speed of lather when present at levels of around 5%. Cost considerations led to choosing an alkyl aryl sulfonate, particularly sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, as it was already widely used in the formulation of laundry detergents. 

Various detergents were examined for their effect on lather properties. It was observed that alkyl aryl sulfonates (like sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) and alkyl sulfates (like sodium lauryl sulfate) had the biggest impact as foam boosters. This is not surprising, as both surfactants have head groups with high charge density, which is important for achieving rapid and stable foam [20],... 

Inorganic colloids Sodium hydroxide, sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate... 

The primary application of these alcohols is the manufacture of anionic or nonionic surfactants for personal cleansing products, most of which end up in your wastewater treatment plants and rivers. Microorganisms don t chew up branch-chain surfactants as well as they do the straight ones. It used to be, for example that the surfactant based on the sodium salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonate, a 12-carbon branch chained anionic surfactant, was found to be slowing, down water treatment processes. Dodecyl alcohol as a raw material for these surfactants has been largely replaced by laurel alcohol, a 12-carbon straight-chain, linear alcohol. If you look at the bottle next time you shampoo your hair and rinse, you ll see sulfonates based on laurel alcohol listed, but none based on dodecyl. 

CLAs made with 0.4% (w/v) sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) in the aqueous phase, and 1% (w/v) Softanol-30 in the organic phase. 

Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, in liquid-liquid extraction, 9 49 Donicity, 17 197, 198 bulk, 17 222 Donor-acceptor... 

Air-entraining water-reducing admixtures containing lignosulfonates can be based on impure lignosulfonate raw materials, as stated earlier, where only 2-3% additional air is required. However, this air may not be of the amount, type, and stability required, therefore additions of surfactants are made. Several different types can be used but in the majority of cases they are based on alkyl-aryl sulfonates (e. g. sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) or fatty-acid soaps (e.g. the sodium salt of tail-oil fatty acids). Additions of these types will allow incorporation of sufficient stable air of the correct bubble size to meet durability requirements under freeze-thaw conditions. 

Addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate to dilute alkaline electrolyte depresses the passivation of zinc surface [275]. Owing to the dodecyl benzene sulfonate adsorption, the passive layer on zinc has a loose and porous structure. Zinc electrodissolution was inhibited by the presence of sodium metasdicate [276] and some acridines [277]. The protection effect was described by a two-parameter equation. 

Diffusion-type models have been used for the adsorption of lead, copper, p-nitrophenol, phenol, p-bromophenol, p-toluene sulfonate and dodecyl benzene sulfonate on activated carbon (Hashimoto etal., 1977 Xiu and Li, 2000 Chen and Wang, 2004 Crittenden and Weber, 1978), and ion exchange of ammonia, lead, and other heavy metals on clinoptilolite (Inglezakis and Grigoropoulou, 2003 Cincotti et al, 2001 Semmens et al, 1978 Cooney et al, 1999). 

Unilamellar vesicles prepared from mixtures of cetyl trimethylammonium tosylate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate 8-Al203 prepared in vesicles Morphologies and sizes of 8-Al203 formed in vesicles were investigated by TEM and X-ray diffraction measurements use of vesicles as nanoreactors for the precipitation of ceramic particles was examined 129... 

Rh/19 (n=1,2,3,6) catalysts were used in the hydroformylation of 1-octene in the presence of conventional tensides such as the sodium salt of the dodecyl-benzene sulfonic acid (0.5 wt.%) in an 1-octene/nonane/methanol/water (60/34/50/ 56) mixture.121 With Rh/19 (n=6) the TOF achieved was 28 h. 1,21... 

Tallow soap or sodium stearate Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate Alkyl naphthal trimethyl ammonium... 

The product structures available in this process are primarily determined by components in the paraffinic distillates used. The heterogeneity of virgin distillates has been illustrated by API sponsored work on distillate components 21). The preferred predominance of relatively straight-chain alkyl groups may be effected by combinations of selection of paraffin distillate source, and use of acid or solvent refining to effect enrichment of paraffinic components. With the advent of the urea precipitation technique of isolating the n-paraffins 26), particularly those in the decyl to hexadecyl range, it is now possible to produce products which are limited principally to the isomeric secondary phenyl alkanes a dodecyl benzene mixture prepared by this process from a 95+% n-dodecane would consist essentially of the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-phenyl-substituted dodec-anes. 

Table III. Molecular Weight Distribution in Typical Commercial Dodecyl Benzene—...

The sulfonation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons as typified by dodecyl benzene is a relatively simple chemical operation which can be successfully carried out with 98% sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, or any combination of the two. 

For example, a typical dodecyl benzene can be sulfonated with a 95% sulfonation yield with either 50 volume % of 20% fuming sulfuric acid at 90° F. or 90 volume % of 98% sulfuric acid at 150° F. 

Direct sodium hydroxide neutralization of the sulfonation mixture resulting from the fuming acid sulfonation of dodecyl benzene gives a product which, upon drying, contains approximately 50% active detergent and 50% sodium sulfate. If a higher active content is desired, the unreacted sulfuric acid can be partially removed from the sulfonation mixture by the addition of about 10 volume % of water at the end of sulfonation. By this means the active content of the dried detergent can be increased to about 85%, but unless the heat of dilution is carefully controlled, the hydrolysis of undesirable by-products in the spent acid may lead to unpleasant odors in the dried product. 

Use these data to criticize or defend the following propositions (a) The CMC is a good indicator of a surfactant s adsorption effectiveness since the AG° values for adsorption and micellization both show parallel changes with increasing chain length, (b) The dodecyl benzene sulfonates have some of the most favorable AG° values among the data shown this shows that branching has no adverse effect on either adsorption or micellization. 

Rhodacal 330 Branched isopropylamine dodecyl benzene sulfonate Rhone... 

Experimental isotherm data for the adsorption of four solutes, phenol, p-bromophenol, p-toluene sulfonate, and dodecyl benzene sulfonate onto activated carbon are shown in Figures 1 to 4. The isotherm constants are estimated using a nonlinear parameter estimation program, and are shown in Table 1. The parameter estimation program uses the principal axis method to obtain the parameters, a, b and 3 that will minimize the sum of the squares of the differences between experimental and computed isotherm data. 

Figure 4. Adsorption isotherm for dodecyl benzene sulfonate (O) experimental data, (--------------------------) 3-parameter equation...

Adsorption equilibria for the systems phenol-p-toluene sulfonate, phenol-p-bromophenol and phenol-dodecyl benzene sulfonate are shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7. In these figures, the ratio of the observed equilibrium values and computed values from equation (14) are plotted against the equilibrium liquid phase concentration of the solute in the mixture. It is seen that most of the data points are well within a deviation of 20%. The results for these diverse solute systems indicate that equation (14) is suitable for correlating binary equilibrium data for use in multicomponent rate models. 

Figure 7. A dsorption equilibria for phenol and dodecyl benzene sulfonate mixtures (d) phenol, (O) dodecyl benzene sulfonate...

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate was obtained from K K Laboratories, Cleveland, Ohio, and consisted of a mixture of Isomers. 

As seen from Table 2, phenol, j>-toluene sulfonate and 2 bromophenol have similar adsorption rate characteristics. The equilibrium data for these solutes indicate that phenol and p-toluene sulfonate have similar energies of adsorption (24), as indicated by the constant b in the component isotherm (qe Qbx,ce/ (1 + bLCe) -bromophenol and dodecyl benzene sulfonate are adsorbed more strongly than phenol (22). 

Phenol and dodecyl benzene sulfonate are two solutes that have markedly different adsorption characteristics. The surface diffusion coefficient of phenol is about fourteen times greater than that for dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The equilibrium adsorption constants indicate that dodecyl benzene sulfonate has a much higher energy of adsorption than phenol (20,22). The adsorption rates from a mixture of these solutes can be predicted accurately, if (1) an adequate representation is obtained for the mixture equilibria, and (2) the diffusion rates in the solid and fluid phases are not affected by solute-solute interactions. 

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