Phosphoric acid impregnation

Polymer Gasoline. Refinery trends tend to favor alkylation over polymerisation. Unlike the alkylation process, polymerisation does not require isobutane. The catalyst is usually phosphoric acid impregnated on kieselghur pellets. Polymerisation of butylenes is not an attractive alternative to alkylation unless isobutane is unavailable. The motor octane number of polymer gasoline is also low, and there is considerable shrinkage ia product volume. The only commercial unit to be built ia recent years is at Sasol ia South Africa. The commercial process was developed by UOP ia the 1940s (104). 

Asensio, J.A., Borros, S., and Gomez-Romero, R, Polymer electrolyte fuel cells based on phosphoric acid-impregnated poly(2,5-benzimidazole) membranes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A304, 2004. 

The current synthetic process is as follows using a gas phase reaction over a phosphoric acid-impregnated Celite catalyst. 

Wannek C, Lehnert W, Mergel J (2009) Membrane electrode assemblies for high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells based on poly (2,5-benzimidazole) membranes with phosphoric acid impregnation via the catalyst layer. J Power Sources 192 258-266... 

Ethanol is synthetically produced from the catalytic hydration of ethylene. The common catalyst used today is phosphoric acid impregnated on an inert support, such as Celite diatomite. The reaction is carried out at high pressures and temperatures, typically 75 kg/cm and 300°C. The reaction is near quantitative, with relatively minor side reactions producing ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and higher hydrocarbons (these minor products results from unwanted polymerization of ethylene). The major by-product is diethyl ether, which is usually recycled back to the reactor to form ethanol. 

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells based on phosphoric acid-impregnated poly(2,5-benzimidazole)... 

V. Fierro, V. Tome-Femandez, D. Montand and J. Salvado, Activated Carbons Prepared fiom Klraft Lignin by Phosphoric Acid Impregnation, In proceedings of Carbon 03, Oviedo (Spain) 2003. 

Asensio J A, Borros S and Go mez-Romeroa Pet al. (2004) Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Based on Phosphoric Acid-Impregnated Poly-2,5-benzimidazole Membranes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, pp. A304-A310... 

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