Morphology, characterized

As more complex multicomponent blends are being developed for commercial appHcations, new approaches are needed for morphology characterization. Often, the use of RuO staining is effective, as it is sensitive to small variations in the chemical composition of the component polymers. For instance PS, PC, and styrene—ethylene/butylene—styrene block copolymers (SEES) are readily stained, SAN is stained to a lesser degree, and PET and nylons are not stained (158,225—228). 

In a general way, the identification of asbestos fibers can be performed through morphological examination, together with specific analytical methods to obtain the mineral composition and/or stmcture. Morphological characterization in itself usually does not constitute a reHable identification criteria (1). Hence, microscopic examination methods and other analytical approaches are usually combined. 

Figure 6-25. Fluorescence spectra at 4.2 K of T,. thin lilms with morphology characterized by a) grains b) layers c) islands d) sub-monolayer. The lower density ol aggregate states in the sub-monolayer architecture decreases the energy transfer efficiency to low energy stales and the fluorescence acquires dominant excitonie character (sec Section 6.6.2.2J.

Synthesis and mechanical and morphological characterization of (AB)n, ABA and BAB type copolymers of m-phenylene-isophthalamide and polydimethylsiloxane have been reported241 242>. The effect of copolymer type, chemical composition and segment molecular weights on phase separation and the solution behavior of these systems have also been discussed. 

Morphological Characterization of Short Fiber-Rubber Composites.380... 

Guiot, P., Baudhuin, P., and Gotfredsen, C. (1980). Morphological characterization of liposome suspensions by stereological analysis of freeze fracture replicas from spray frozen samples, J. Microsc., 120, 159-174. 

Kawaguchi, Y, Wilson, CJ, Augood, ST and Emson, PC (1995) Striatal interneurones chemical physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci. 18 527-535. 

Takakusaki, K, Shiroyama, T. Kitai, S. T. (1997). Two types of cholinergic neurons in the rat tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus electrophysiological and morphological characterization. Neuroscience 79, 1089-109. 

In the following discussion, we would like to briefly highlight the different methods used for morphological characterization of block copolymer micelles emphasizing advantages and limitations. This will be illustrated by selected examples from our own investigations on various block copolymer micelles. 

S. M. Vega-Dfaz, F.J. Medellfn-Rodrfguez, S. Sanchez-Valdes, B. E. Flandy,. M. Mata-Padilla,0. Davalos-Montoya, Synthesis and morphological characterization of sodium and calcium clay nanostructured poly(E-caprolactam) [nylon 6] hybrids, The Open Macromolecules Journal, vol. 2, pp. 19-25, 2008. 

Fig. 17.2 Structural and morphological characterization of W03/CNT sheets prepared at 300 °C and 400 °C (a), (d) SEM images showing the morphology of W03/CNT sheets (b), (e) TEM images showing the W03 wrapping on the CNT surface (c), (f) HRTEM images showing the lattice images of W03. Reprinted with permission from [20], Copyright 2012, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fuchs S, Hollins AJ, Laue M, Schaefer UF, Roemer K, Gumbleton M, Lehr CM (2003) Differentiation of human alveolar epithelial cells in primary culture Morphological characterization and synthesis of caveolin-1 and surfactant protein -C. Cell Tissue Res 311 31—45... 

The use of TEM for morphological characterization has increasingly been supplanted as improvements in SEM, particularly combined with the use of lower voltage, steadily decrease the size range for which TEM has clear benefits. Nevertheless, for some important cases of zeoHte morphologies, TEM may still be the... 

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