Broad contact insecticide

Neonicotinoids are potent broad-spectrum insecticides that exhibit contact, stomach and systemic activity. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid are representatives of the neonicotinoid insecticides (Figure 1). The mechanism of action is similar to that of nicotine, acting on the central nervous system causing irreversible blocking of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Neonicotinoid insecticides are often categorized as antagonists of the... 

Methyl bromide has been identified as an ozone-depleting substance and is being gradually removed from world markets. Current legislation and plans call for the elimination of methyl bromide in most industrial countries by 2005, with possible exemptions for quarantine (UNEP, 1996). Currently there is an extensive search worldwide for products that are alternatives to methyl bromide (Kawakami, 1999). These alternatives are broadly defined and include components of management plans such as sanitation, monitoring, contact insecticides, heat treatments, and modified atmospheres, in addition to new fumigants (Batchelor, 1998). 

Uses Phosphamidon is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide in agriculture. It is toxic both systemically and by contact, and acts through the inhibition of ChE. Phosphamidon currently is registered for use by both ground and aerial applications on vegetables, fruits, and field crops.28... 

Broad spectrum insecticide, toxic by contact and ingestion. Moderately systemic, Good to excellent residual control following foliar application... 

Chlordane 0.2 X X Versatile, broad-spectrum contact insecticides for non-agricultural purposes 3512, 354... 

Nonsystemic contact insecticide with a broad spectrum of activity X (Disinfection by-product) 111,3512... 

Areas of application Mode of action How obtained Remarks Codling moths, tortrix moths, aphids, leaf miners Contact insecticide Ryania is obtained from the wood of Ryania speciosa Broad spectrum of action More persistent than pyrethrum-rotenone sprays Poisonous to fish Not registered in the EU at present... 

The organophosphosphates represent another extremely important class of organic insecticides. They were developed during World War II as chemical warfare agents. Early examples included the powerful insecticide schradan, a systemic insecticide, and the contact insecticide parathion. Unfortunately, both of these compounds are highly poisonous to mammals and subsequent research in this field has been directed toward the development of more selective and less poisonous insecticides. In 1950, malathion, the first example of a wide-specUnm organophosphorus insecticide combined with very low mammalian toxicity, was developed. And at about the same time the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides were discovered. These systemic compounds ate extremely valuable for the selective control of broad-leaved weeds in cereal crops. These compounds have a relatively low toxicity to mammals and are therefore relatively safe to use. 

Carbaryl is effective as both a contact and an ingested agent and is one of the most widely used broad-spectrum insecticides. Uses include control of a wide variety of pests on field crops, fruits, vegetables, nuts, ornamentals, turf, lawns, and domestic animals in agricultural, commercial, and residential environments. Liquid broadcast applications to residential lawns in the United States are to be voluntarily canceled, however. Formulations include dusts, wettable powders, granules, oils, aqueous suspensions, and baits. 

Acetamiprid (2) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is ovicidal and larvicidal against a wide range of sucking insects such as Hemiptera (especially aphids) or adults of Thysanoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera pests. It has contact, stomach and systemic long-lasting action and is moderately activity against Lepidoptera such as the peach fruit moth Carposina niponensis), the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta), and the diamond back moth Plutella xylostella) and has ovicidal effects on these species as well (Table 29.2.1.6) [29]. 

Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide used on more than 120 different crops. A case of contact dermatitis to carbaryl spray has been reported [36]. 

Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide with outstanding systemic activities and a broad insecticidal spectrum. Acetamiprid controls diverse soil and foliar insect pests infesting cotton, sugar beet, vegetables, fruits and other major food crops by both contact and stomach action... 

Carbosulfan, CGA-73,102, and ONCOL are derivatives of carbofuran (2,3-dihydr0-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) which have broad spectrum activity similar to that of carbofuran but are substantially less toxic to mammals. CGA-73,102 is particularly effective as a soil insecticide by both contact and systemic action (9). Thiodicarb (10) and U-56,299 (11) are highly effective lepidopterous larvicides but are less toxic to plants and mammals than me thorny 1. U-56,299, with a rat acute... 

Uses insecticide and pesticide with contact, stomach, and respiratory action to control a broad spectrum of phytophagous and soil inhibiting insects, public health pests, and animal ectoparasites. 

Areas of application Mode of action How obtained Remarks Aphids, blossom weevils and other weevils, tortricids, winter moth, bugs, noctuid moths Contact, ingestion and inhalation insecticide Pyrethrum is produced from chrysanthemums and contains piperonyl butoxide as an additive which increases UV stability Very broad spectrum of action Not completely harmless to beneficials Pyrethrum is poisonous to fish Sprays consisting of pyrethrum alone are also commercially available (e.g. Spruzit)... 

Rotenone s insecticidal property is broad spectrum, so beneficial insects are killed on contact along with the pests. It is moderately toxic to people and most animals and very toxic to swine, birds, and fish. Some people are highly allergic to rotenone on food crops and suffer from violent reaetions even after a week-long post-spray period, sometimes even after the food has been cooked. New evidenee suggests that rotenone may cause growth abnormalities in laboratory animals. 

Parathion acts as a contact and stomach insecticide. It has no systemic effect, but it penetrates a certain distance from the sprayed surface into the leaf tissues (Frohberger, 1949 O Brien and Smith, 1961). The range of action of parathion is very broad in this respect it is foremost among the phosphorus ester insecticides. About four-hundred pests are known which can controlled effectively with parathion. In addition to its insecticidal action, it is also an effective ovicide. 

Dimethoate is a potent contact and systemic insecticide, effective against a broad range of sucking and chewing insects. Its oral lDjq for rats is 250-265 mg/kg. 

Metam-sodium, a broad-spectrum soil fumigant, is a fungicide, insecticide, nematocide, and herbicide. Richter [55] states that allergic contact dermatitis to metam-sodium (methyl isothiocyanate) may be significant among exposed persons. In his opinion, metam-sodium is a potent sensitizer. He also attributed hepatitis in one patient to exposure to metam-sodium. 

Chloronaphthalene is used as a fungicide and insecticide in wood preservatives, mainly for wood in ground contact. Its strong odour inhibits broad application. 

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