Leaf miner

Tree Preservation gypsy moths, caterpillars, borers, leaf miners, mites wounds from pmning or other damage to bark... 

Unfortunately the long-term nature and extent of the leaf-miner infestations are not known. What is clear is that the (likely) combination of weevil infestation in a virtual monoculture of hard beech, with a period of drought in the early 1970s, has led to a continuous decline in the growth of hard beech at the site of dieback (Fig. 126). At the other site, with lower levels of weevil infestation, the plants have recovered, somewhat, after the drought (Fig. 12a). 

In the example of hard beech it is difficult to assess which ecological feature is causing dieback. It seems that the leaf miners predispose the plants to a marked sensitivity to drought. However, without the occurrence of the drought in the early 1970s it seems possible that dieback may not have occurred. The controls and causes of the leaf-miner infestation and severity are unknown, but are clearly a key issue for investigation. 

Fig. 12. Sensitivity of growth in Nothofagus truncata to the combined effects of drought and leaf-miner Neomycta publicaris) infestation, (a) Stable site with low Neomycta infestation (6) dieback site with high Neomycta infestation (after Hosking Hutcheson, 1986).

In addition to the leafhoppers and Mexican bean beetle there are other insects which, when their damage is taken collectively, constitute an important loss in bean production. These insects are the apion pod weevils, Apion spp., Dmbrotica spp., white flies, Trioleurodes spp., and leaf miners, Chalepus signaticollis Baly. It has been found that when the proper insecticides are applied correctly to a good stand of beans the use of insecticides is profitable to the grower. 

The leaf miner, Leucoptera spp., white grubs, and the tree cricket or chacuatete, Idiarthron subquadratum S. and P., also present problems. 

The leaf miners occur on coffee throughout the tropics. They are more injurious in certain areas than others, and excessive attack seems more in evidence in dry regions or in the dry months in countries where there is a marked difference between the wet and dry seasons. Even in the more moist regions where leaf miners have... 

Leaf Miner (Hydrellia scapularis). The rice leaf miner (28) has caused damage to rice in California. Good control has been obtained by spraying fields with dieldrin at the rate of 0.5 pound per acre in 10 gallons of water. 

These crops are relatively trouble-free, although some tend to bolt in adverse conditions. Beet leaf miner (see above andp.323) has little effect on beets, but it can spoil leaf beet and chard. Downy mildew can be a problem on young spinach when the air is moist. 

See Chrysanthemum leaf miner Holly leaf miner Spinach leaf miner. 

The effect of caffeine has been tested with insect herbivores. Tobacco horn-worms, Manduca sexta, die from a diet with 0.3% caffeine, and the beetle Calioso-bruchus chincnsis becomes sterile at a concentration of 1.5% (Nathanson, 1984). However, experiments showed that caffeine does not protect the coffee plant against the leaf miner Perileucoptera coffedla, one of the major pests of coffee (Filho and Mazzafera, 2000). 

Filho, O. G. and Mazzafera, P. (2000). Caffeine does not protect coffee against the leaf miner Perileucoptera coffeella. Journal ofChemical Ecology 26 1447-1464. 

Spinosad (Fig. 9) is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, originally isolated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad is recommended for the control of a very wide range of caterpillars, leaf miners, thrips and foliage-feeding beetles. Spinosad is sold as an aqueous based suspension concentrate formulation under several trade names. 

The female sex pheromone of the leaf-miner Phyllonorycter platini Staudinger (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae) has been identified as (Z IO)-tetradecenyl acetate. Activity of the synthetic compound was confirmed by field tests. ... 

A three-step synthesis of a mixture of stereoisomers of 5,9 -dimethylpentadecane, the sex pheromone of the coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, has been described. The key step being the unsymmetrical Wittig olefination to build the carbon skeleton of the molecule. 

All these data support the idea that QA may function as chemical defense compounds. We also tested whether this chemical defense is relevant for the survival of a lupin plant. Lupins offer a unique chance to explore this question experimentally plant breeders have selected "sweet" varieties, which have a very low alkaloid content. These varieties can be compared to semi-bitter or bitter ones. We have grown Lupinus albus strains that differ in their alkaloid content in our experimental garden and greenhouse and have monitored their susceptibility to attack by plant pests. As can be seen from Figure 2, "sweet" lupins are preferentially eaten by rabbits (Cuniculus europaeus) or are infested by aphids (Aphidae) or leaf miners (Agromyzidae). Literature data also support the assumption that alkaloid-rich lupins are much more resistant to plant pests than "sweet" varieties (30-32). We conclude therefore, that QA are indeed important for the fitness of a lupin plant and that they constitute a major part of its chemical defense system, in which... 

Uses nonsystemic insecticide to control leaf-eating larvae and leaf miners in forestry, woody ornamentals and fruit trees. 

Uses Disulfoton is a yellowish oil. It is grouped by the USEPA under RUP and therefore must be handled by qualified and trained applicators. Disulfoton is a selective systemic insecticide and acaricide. It is specifically effective against sucking insects and is used to control aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, beet flies, spider mites, and coffee leaf-miners. Disulfoton products are used on cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, cole crops, com, peanuts, wheat, ornamentals, cereal grains, and potatoes.28... 

The sunflower budworm or bud moth (Suleima helianthana Riley), considered a minor pest of the sunflower in which damage is sporadic, also feeds on the Jerusalem artichoke (Pedraza-Martinez, 1990 Rogers, 1979). In North America, the insect is found from Maryland to California and south to Mexico. Damage is caused by larval feeding, typically on the apical bud or axils of upper leaves, producing distorted, misshapen plants. Young larvae act as leaf miners or enter a leaf rib, while older larvae enter and feed on buds, leaf axils, stems, and bracts. 

Mulder C, Breure A. 2006. Impact of heavy metal pollution on plants and leaf-miners. Environ Chem Lett 4 83-86. 

A wasp, parasite of leaf miners used in protected crops A wasp, parasite of leaf miners... 

More chemical specificity is represented by the structure of the sex pheromone released by females of the Korean population of the apple leaf miner Lyonetia prunifoliella. The main compound is 10,14-dimethyl-l-octadecene (M25), which is accompanied by minor amounts of the saturated hydrocarbons, 5,9-dimethyloctade-cane and 5,9-dimethylheptadecane 902 Earlier, the three compounds were reported to be components of the sex pheromone for the North American population of the moth.903 During bioassays in Korea, all (S, -configured isomers proved to be electrophysiologically active, whereas (105,145)-dimethyloctadec-l-ene elicited the strongest response. In contrast to the North American insects, (105,145)-M25 was found to attract the moths as a single compound. In the case of the Lyonetia compounds, the structure M25 suggests the incorporation of two propanoate units interrupted by an acetate unit. 

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