Bionic

To determine the ionic selectivity of the pardaxin channels, various ion substitutions were performed and the bionic reversal potential, i.e., the potential at which the current across a bilayer with many open pardaxin channels changed sign, was determined. The relative permeabilities of the ions could then be determined from the general equation ... 

Changes in society have always been of creative interest for artists. The Russian sculptor and bionics specialist Vadim Kosmatschof creates visionary works that deal with one of the most topical subjects of our time ecological balance. For many years now, the artist has devoted himself to the visualization of an emission-free energy cycle, raising public awareness of ecological contexts with his kinetic sculptures in the constructivist tradition. 

Living outlined by the Enquete Commission Protection of Humanity and the Environment (cf. Enquete Commission 1997) or guiding principles at a medium level of implementation and operation, such as closed-loop material streams , bionics (nature as a model) or green chemistry and sustainable chemistiy . 

Soft Chemistry , proximity to nature and bionics contain the idea that chemical-technical solutions from nature can provide a stimulus for industrial processes and products. 

KiyotakaY. Hara Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Atsunori Hiratsuka Research Center of Advanced Bionics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Setsuo Hirohashi Proteome Bioinformatics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan... 

Stodola, F. H. and Lockwood, L. B. 1947. The oxidation of lactose and maltose to bionic acids by pseudomonas. J. BioL Chem. 171, 213-221. 

We recently succeeded in using the functional bionic component, PSI, for photonic devices using molecular-level assembly. Two topics are introduced in this section. The first concerns a biophotosensor in which PSI is directly coupled with an artificial electronic device (a field-effect transistor FET) via a molecular wire designed at the molecular level (Fig. 14). The second is a biophotoelectrode composed of PSI, ITO, and a molecular wire. 

The 1970s saw the introduction of a very popular series of three television motion pictures, followed by a television series on the same theme The Six Million Dollar Man. The motion pictures and series starred Lee Majors as a test pilot whose airplane crashed, resulting in the loss of both legs, an arm, and an eye. Majors s character, Steve Austin, was rebuilt by a skilled physician named Dr. Rudy Wells using advanced biomedical body parts at a cost of 6 million (hence the name). In a follow-up series, Lindsay Wagner played Austin s counterpart, Jaime Sommers, in The Bionic Woman. Sommers was seriously injured in a parachute jump and, like Austin, is provided with a number of engineered body parts that give her extraordinary physical powers. 

The day when a truly bionic man or woman can be produced by biomaterials engineers has still not been reached. If researchers have discovered anything at all in their work on artificial skin, blood vessels, bone, and blood, it is that living systems are far more complex and delicate than many scientists had believed, and efforts to replicate them with the best-known biological, chemical, and physical techniques still fall far short of the perfection obtained by nature itself. Still, impressive strides have been made in only a few decades, and one can be optimistic that another few decades from now will see the ready availability of synthetic skin, blood, and bone, along with many other synthetic body parts and materials. 

At present, for the creation of completely new chemical systems, chemists adopt the principles of natural chemical reactions from nature. That is why for thriving chemical bionics such as chemical modeling methods for natural chemical processes, as well as the use of structure modeling technique, active sites and the mechanism of enzymes action, the conjugation principles of biochemical processes are used. 

Knor G. Bionic catalyst design a photochemical approach to artificial enzyme function. ChemBioChem 2001 2 593-6. 

Oxidation of lactose and maltose with Au/Ti02 catalysts has been reported to give close to 100% selectivity to lactobionic acid and malto-bionic acid, respectively63 which have potential uses in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries, as well as in food. Studies of the catalytic conversion of glucose by hydrogenation and oxidation to produce sorbitol and gluconic acid respectively have also been reported.64 Sorbitol is also manufactured on a 60 000 tonnes per annum scale. 

BioNIC [Biological NICkel] A biological process for leaching nickel from its ores. It comprises bacterial leaching, solvent extraction, and electrowinning. Developed by BHP Billiton at Yabulu from 1999, but not commercialized by 2004 because no ore body of a suitable concentration and size had been identified. 

Carbodiimides are also employed to couple ovalbumin to mouse spleen cells/ and meli-bionic acid to serum albumin. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, on treatment with DCC, loses its... 

TABLE 10-67 Factors for Estimating Diameters of Bionics for Formed Heads... 

SYNS ACIDE NICOTINIQUE (FRENCH) ACIDUM NICOTINICUM AKOTIN ANTI-PELLAGRA VITAMIN APELAGRIN BIONIC 3-CARBOXYPYRIDINE DASKIL DAVITAMON PP DIREKTAN EFACIN NAH NAOTIN NICACID... 

Using less chemicals Soft hand through treatment in a tumbler or with enzymes and bionic finishes, with fluorocarbon polymers and dendrimers causing high fluorine efficiency by self organised layered structures... 

Bionic finishes are a special way of using fewer chemicals for greater effects. As mentioned in Section 6.3.4 bionic means using examples from nature as an impetus... 

The common principle of these examples and in general for all bionic finishes is a successful and almost intelligent construction of sophisticated structures, for example like the special surfaces or poly-layers in spider hair, insect wings, butterfly scales or porous bone material. This principle is that material, which is often self organised, is used in small amounts for great efficiency in specific regions and not used where it is less important. 

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