Bone material

Hassan, A. A. 1975 Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies on Bone Material and their Implications for Radiocarbon Dating. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University, Texas. 

Hassan, A.A. and Ortner, D.J. 1977 Inclusions in bone material as a source of error in radiocarbon dating. Archaeometry 19 131-135. 

During production and characterization of various internal animal tissue reference materials for a number of metals, a comparative study was performed for Pb in six bovine teeth and two bovine bone materials using calibration with a solid RM and two versions of wet chemical analysis with GF-AAS and electrochemical (DPASV) detection. There was good agreement in the range of approx. 1.3-3 tng/kg dry weight for all techniques used (Liicker et al. 1992). 

Belshaw NS, Pike AWG, Henderson GM (2002) U-series dating of archaeological bone material by laser ablation mnltiple-ion-counter ICP-MS. Poster presented at Golschmidt 2002 conference. 18th-25th Angnst 2002, Davos, Swtizerland... 

Hassan, A. A., Ortner, D. J., Inclusions in Bone Material as A Source of Error in Radiocarbon Dating, Archaeometry, 1977 19, 131-135. 

It was obvious to early researchers on synthetic bone material that a pure calcium phosphate bioceramic would be the optimum replacement for human and mammalian bone. The calcium phosphate in human bone is called hydroxyapatite (Fig. 1). It is an ionic substance having the formula Ca5(0H)(P04)3. 

Figure 2. Our strong porous synthetic bone material.

Our researchers have worked very hard to accomplish our goals by doing things we felt would enhance our synthetic bone materials and their performance to enable them to equal and often exceed the performance of autograft as implants as well as in other types of bone augmentation and replacement. The nonporous tooth enamel solid calcium phosphate materials have flexural strengths of over 20,000 lb in.2 However, without pores it would take an extremely long time to resorb this nonporous bioceramic. 

In Fig. 7, electron microscope photographs of two different types of high-po-rosity bioceramics are shown. The bone material on the left has 250- j. pore size with a background of micropores [Fig. 7(a)], The specimen on the right-hand side has 400- i pores with a background of 250-p pores as well as displaying micro-porosity within the pores [Fig. 7( >)]. We are also able to regulate the size and distribution of porosity in our bioceramic materials. 

DNA profiling was used to determine whether bones unearthed that were said to belong to Jesse James were in fact his. DNA samples were taken from his grandchildren and compared to those obtained from the bone material and shown to be similar, so that while it cannot be absolutely said that they were Jesse James bones, DNA evidence was consistent with them being his bones. DNA profiling has also been used in the identification of 9/11 victims, and a number of mass graves throughout the world. 

Pak, C. Y. C. Bartter, F. C. 1967. Ionic interaction with bone material, I. Evidence for isoionic calcium exchange with hydroxyapatite. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 141, 401-409. 

Composites provide an atPactive alternative to the various metal-, polymer- and ceramic-based biomaterials, which all have some mismatch with natural bone properties. A comparison of modulus and fracture toughness values for natural bone provide a basis for the approximate mechanical compatibility required for arUficial bone in an exact structural replacement, or to stabilize a bone-implant interface. A precise matching requires a comparison of all the elastic stiffness coefficients (see the generalized Hooke s Law in Section 5.4.3.1). From Table 5.15 it can be seen that a possible approach to the development of a mechanically compatible artificial bone material... 

Figure 2. Bone materials in archaeological site contexts. Fractured, iron-stained bone sample from Room D4a, Kongshavn multiroom house complex, Finnmark, northern Norway (transmittedplane polarized illumination).

Bone and enamel, archaeological, strontium isotope analysis, 102-104 Bone chemistry, principles, 116-117 Bone materials in archaeological soils and sediments, 198, 200-204 Botswana prehistoric mines, specular hermatite source fingerprinting, 460-479... 

Implants made of TCP and, to some extent, also of HA are partly resorbed after the implanta-tion. This may take place cellularly, in which case the material will be incorporated into the normal physiological process of making and breaking down bone. This phenomenon promotes the formation of new bone material and the strong connection between the rest of the implant and the living tissue. By immersing the bio-material into the patient s osteoblasts (= self bone cells) which have been cultivated in vitro, we can stimulate these processes. 

So let us have a closer look at human bone material. You might say that bone is mineralised tissue with a complex compostion. Another description of bone is a fibre-like matrix (mother matrix) in which inorganic salts are imbedded . The fibre-like matrix consists for 90-95% of the protein collagen and for about 5% of other proteins. 

Description of the chemical composition and the structure of bone material and... 

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