US,NATIONAL CANCER

EUROPEAN COUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS INTERMEDIATES EUROPEAN COMMISSION GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT BAXTER HEALTHCARE US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE BASF PVC INFORMATION CENTRE FEDERCHIMICA... 

Paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a chemotherapy drug for ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and certain lung cancers. It was discovered by the US National Cancer Institute in the 1960s. Originally, it was extracted from the bark of the North American yew tree (Taxus brevifo-lia). Clinical tests had necessitated the harvesting of the bark, and this method damaged the trees irreversibly. 

US National Cancer Institute (NCI). Online. Available HTTP [Pg.212]

A service of the US National Cancer Institute, CSI, is a source for the latest, most accurate cancer information for patients, their families, the general public, and health professionals . 

Possibly, the most extensive screening of NPs ever undertaken was conducted by the US National Cancer Institute, starting In i960. Over two decades, 114,000 extracts from 35,000 plant samples (from over 12,000 species) were screened but less than 1% showed selective anticancer potential. One assumes each sample must have contained tens or hundreds of NPs so the hit rate was really much lower. However, the bioassays used have a very questionable relationship to any functional significance of endogenous NPs because plants do not form cancers in the manner that animals do (see Chapter 8). 

In humans, 2,4-D in large doses can cause coma and generalized muscle hypotonia. Rarely, muscle weakness and marked hypotonia may persist for several weeks. In laboratory animals, signs of liver and kidney dysfunction have also been reported with chlorphenoxy herbicides. Several epidemiologic studies performed by the US National Cancer Institute confirmed the causal link between 2,4-D and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Evidence for a causal link to soft tissue sarcoma, however, is considered equivocal. 

During the last 15 years, various additional aspects of the diethylstilbestrol problem have given rise to concern. One emerged in 1988 from a large multicenter epidemiological cohort study established by the US National Cancer Institute (DESAD Project), in which it was found that women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol had a 50% increased incidence of autoimmune disease (46). 

A survey of 608 Connecticut women with breast cancer and 609 women who were free of the disease, was carried out under the auspices of Yale School of Public Health with collaboration from the European Institute of Oncology in Italy, McGill University in Canada, and the US National Cancer Institute. This weighty team of international medics found no evidence that those who used hair dyes of either the temporary or permanent kind were in any way increasing their risk of having breast cancer, and they published their results in the European Journal of Cancer in August 2002. In 2003 another study was undertaken by the world-famous Karolinska Institute of Sweden and specifically looked at the incidence of all types of cancer in Swedish hairdressers, the group that was expected to be most at risk. 

Alvocidib (flavopiridol, HMR 1275) 66 (Sanofi-Aventis) is being evaluated in Phase II/III trials for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in collaboration with Ohio State University and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI).124 Alvocidib 66 is also being evaluated in Phase I and II trials against... 

Takimoto CH. Anticancer drug development at the US National Cancer Institute. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2003 52(suppl l) S29-33. 

Antiperspirants have been implicated in breast cancer and in the aluminum hypothesis of Alzheimer s disease. However, various experts and health organizations, e.g., the American Cancer Society and (US) National Cancer Institute, have reported that there is no apparent link with breast cancer. Further, expert... 

There are two interesting paradoxes concerning selenium. The first is that excess selenium is toxic however, at lower levels it is a protective agent against the toxicity of cadmium, methylmercury, arsenic, copper, and thalium. The second paradox involves carcinogenicity. The US National Cancer Institute found selenium monosulfide (administered orally) to be carcinogenic in rodents however, many epidemiological studies associate selenium intake with lower cancer rates in humans. Moreover, in... 

Measurement of ER levels in breast tmnor tissue is useful as both a prognostic indicator and in determining the probability of hormonal therapy. Of patients with carcinoma of the breast, 60% have tumors that are ER positive. ER-positive tumors are 7 to 8 times more hkely to respond to endocrine therapy, such as tamoxifen, toremifene, and droloxifene. Furthermore, the US. National Cancer Institute Consensus Statement suggests that all breast cancer patients who have positive ER findings should undergo hormonal... 

US National Cancer institute (1979), Bioassay of Piperonyl Butoxide for Possible Carcinogenicity. DHEW Publ. no, 79-1376. Bethesda, Maryland, USA, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 

These sterol sulfate esters show activity in a number of enzyme and receptor-binding assays and are also active in the anti-HIV screen run at the US National Cancer Institute. A dereplication scheme for this class of compounds has been published by Cardellina et al. (36), in which extracts are chromatographed in three systems Sephadex G-25 for molecular weight C4 wide pore (300) and CIS narrow pore (60 A). Fractions are assayed against HIV and the patterns of activity compared to that observed for halistanol sulfate. Sterol sulfates from six sponge extracts were eluted with methanol H20 (2 1 v/v) and allowed for the rapid dereplication of this class of compound. In... 

The trisdecacyclic pyrazine structure of cephalostatin 1 (1) was eventually solved by X-ray analysis many years after the initial collections of C. gilchristi [17]. The structures of the related cephalostatins 2-4 (2-4) essentially followed from comparison of the spectroscopic data with those of 1 [18], All four compounds exhibited similar exceptional ED5o values in the range lO -lO pgmL 1 in the US National Cancer Institute s (NCI s) P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia cell line screen. 

An earlier investigation of the antileukemic constituents of the Ethiopian Brucea aniidysenterica by Kupchan and associates [2] led to the isolation of quassinoids such as bruceantin (1), bruceantarin (2), dehydrobruceantin (3), dehydrobruceantarin (4), and isobrucein-B (5). Among these quassinoids, bruceantin (1) demonstrated potent antileukemic activity, including the P-388 and L-1210 lymphocytic leukemias, the Lewis lung carcinoma, and the B-16 melanoma. This compound was in Phase II clinical trial as an anticancer drug by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI). 

PTX-2 was toxic to KB (human epidermoid carcinoma) cells in vitro at a concentration of 58 nM [14]. In contrast, no evidence of a toxic effect in these cells was seen with PTX-2 seco acid or l-epi-VTX-2 seco acid at a concentration of 2 pM [14]. PTX-2 has been screened for selective cytotoxic activity against 60 human tumour cell lines by the US National Cancer Institute. It was selectively toxic to several cell lines of ovarian, renal, pulmonary, colonic, cerebral, and mammary tumors at nanomolar concentrations, but was ineffective against leukemia or prostate cancer cell lines [37]. PTX-2 was toxic to Vero (monkey renal epithelial) cells at a concentration of 0.58 pM... 

The main elements of DNA and linguistics analysis necessitate a new bridging theory of population cmcibles. The elements of this theory have been in existence since George Todaro and his team at the US National Cancer Institute began investigating Type C vims antibodies twenty years ago. Nowadays, evidence is rapidly accumulating to support his surprising conclusions. 

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