Biomolecules hybridization

Katz, E. and Willner I. (2004) Integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule hybrid system synthesis, properties and applications. Angewandte Chemie-Intemational Edition, 43, 6042-6108. 

I. Willner and E. Katz, Integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule hybrid systems synthesis, properties, and applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 6042-6108 (2004). 

Biomaterials such as proteins/enzymes or DNA display highly selective catalytic and recognition properties. Au nanoparticles or nanorods show electronic, photonic and catalytic properties. The convergence of both types of materials gives rise to Au NP-biomolecule hybrids that represent a very active research area. The combination of properties leads to the appearance of biosensors due to the optical or electrical transduction of biological phenomena. Moreover, multifunctional Au NP-peptide hybrids can be used for targeting nuclear cells where genetic information is stored and could be useful for biomedical applications [146]. 

Scheme 3.23 Different types of Au NP-biomolecule hybrids depending on biomolecule-nanoparticle interaction.

Semiempirical methods are the middle ground between highly accurate ab initio methods and completely empirical molecular mechanical (MM) methods [155]. For the treatment of very large biomolecules, hybrid approaches have been developed where the reactive center is described by a semiempirical method and the inert rest of the molecule by a classical force field [3,156,157], This technique can also be applied for the description of solvent effects. The solvent molecules are then described by the MM method. If an even higher accuracy is required for the reactive center of the system, a hybrid approach of three different methods can be applied, e.g., in the ONIOM model by Vreven and Morokuma [158], Here the center is described at DFT or post-HF level, the nearest-neighbor atoms at semiempirical level, and the outer surrounding at MM level. There also exist hybrid schemes between semiempirical and DFT methods only [159],... 

E. Katz, I. WUlner, Integrated Nanoparticle-Biomolecule hybrid systems Synthesis, properties and applications , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 43, 6042 - 6108, (2004). 

Wang, R, Liu, X., Willner, I. (2012). Integration ofphotoswitchable pro teins,photosyntheticreaction centers and semiconductor/biomolecule hybrids with electrode supports for optobioelectronic cpg ic L ions. Advanced Materials, 25, 349-377. http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201772. 

The purity of functionalized PEG derivatives is very important, especially for the synthesis of PEG-biomolecule hybrids. High-purity PEG derivatives are obtained from polydispetse oligomers through fractionation procedures as shown in Hgure 7. 

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