Biological phenomena

The application of single molecule optical teclmiques to biological phenomena is an area currently seeing explosive grow til [169]. 

Good descriptions of biological phenomena from a physico-chemical viewpoint, van Oss C J 1996 Forces Interfaciales en Milieux Aqueux (Paris Masson)... 

Biological phenomena displayed by marine microalgae and related bioactive saturated 0-heterocycles 98YGK651. 

Anyway, it is clear that the fmdings obtained in these artificial transport systems do contribute to the understanding of biological phenomena and point the way to possible practical applications, such as the separation of ions. Accordingly, the development of synthetic ionophores which possess high selectivity for specific cations is expected to gain importance in the future. 

It seems likely that these Investigations when continued will uncover additional variants of Importance for the understanding of basic biological phenomena and disease states. 

Biomolecular materials were defined as those substances, natural or synthetic, with novel materials properties that use or mimic biological phenomena. A sample menu of ideas was generated to provide some sense of the envisioned scope of the MS P program ... 

Tolerance in insects to increasing amounts of DDT, BHC, and several of the inorganic agents, such as arsenic, is known to occur. However, in animals, this phenomenon has not been demonstrated to the same degree. Ability of the cells of insects to function in the environment of a toxic agent, without alteration of cellular function, is one of the most striking of biologic phenomena. 

In the molecular dynamics (MD) [1, 2] technique, a system of particles evolves in time according to the equation of motion, E = nijXj, where L, is the net force acting on particle i, and m, and 3q are the mass and acceleration of particle i, respectively. In a molecular system, typical bond lengths are of the order of angstroms while bond vibrations take place at the time scale of 10-13 s. Therefore, the equations of motion for atoms have to be integrated with time steps on the order of 10 15 s. However, many important chemical and biological phenomena in macromolecules take place at much larger time scales, as shown in Table 8-1. 

FIGURE 88 Dating methods. Shortly after the discovery of radioactivity, at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was found that the decay of radioactive elements could be used to keep track of time. Many of the dating techniques developed since then are, therefore, based on radioactive decay phenomena, but others, such as the hydration of obsidian, amino acid racemization, and dendrochronology, are based on other physical, chemical, or biological phenomena. 

PEST. This code ( 3) was developed within the framework of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute s CLEAN (Comprehensive Lake Ecosystem Analyzer) model. It includes highly elaborated algorithms for biological phenomena, as described in this volume (44). For example, biotransformation is represented via second-order equations in bacterial population density (Equation 5) in the other codes described in this section PEST adds to this effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on bacterial activity, plus equations for metabolism in higher organisms. PEST allows for up to 16 compartments (plants, animals, etc.), but does not include any spatially resolved computations or transport processes other than volatilization. 

Determining the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of a drug makes pharmacology a powerful tool for understanding biological phenomena. This chapter reviews the preclinical evidence of the impact of some neurotransmitter systems and related drugs on sleep and wakefulness. 

Where is the boundary between physical and biological phenomena ... 

The marked advances made in the study of bacterial polysaccharides serve only to emphasize the vast amount of work still to be carried out in this field. The recent remarkable achievements in enzymic chemical synthesis (starch, crystalline sucrose, etc.) indicate the growing necessity for greater cooperation11 between enzymologist and chemist in the solution of many biological phenomena. 

The reaction of D-glucose with ethyl acetoacetate was originally studied with a view to obtaining experimental information which would be useful in the interpretation of the biological phenomena of antiketogenesis. It is accepted that some kind of correlation exists between the metabolism of carbohydrates and that of /3-ketonie compounds, but views as to its nature differ. The supporters of the ketolysis theory1 contend that the oxi-... 

Knowledge of the intracellular thermodynamics and kinetics of metal metabolism may become useful in the design of compounds that alter intracellular metal ion availability. This in turn may be useful in controlling such biological phenomena as cancer cell proliferation, disorders of metal metabolism, and metal-induced neurotoxicity. 

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