Biomarker/biomarking

Subcategories of bioindicators at suboiganismal levels are generally referred to as biomarkers. Biomarkers may reflect either exposure, effect, or susceptibility of these, biomarkers of effect are both more valuable and more difficult to find. An ideal biomarker of mercury effect would be ... 

Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Kato K, Preau JL, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2007) Assessment of human exposure to di-isodecyl phthalate using oxidative metabolites as biomarkers. Biomarkers 12 133-144... 

There are thus three types of biomarkers biomarkers of exposure of the organism to the toxic substance, biomarkers of response of the organism to that exposure, and biomarkers of susceptibility of the organism to the chemical. 

Chapter 1 describes the relationship between exposure to a toxic chemical and its clinically relevant health effects as a series of steps along a continuum. There often is no clear-cut distinction between some of the steps, and Figure 1-1 can help position three types of biomarkers biomarkers of exposure, of effect, and of susceptibility. 

Bramer SL and Kallungal BA (2003) Clinical considerations in study designs that use cotinine as a biomarker. Biomarkers 8 187-203. 

Kleno T G, Kiehr B, Baunsgaard D, et al. (2004). Combination of omics data to investigate the mechanism(s) of hydrazine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and to identify potential biomarkers. Biomarkers. 9 116-138. 

Contamination Exogenous feeal, food, bacteria, environmental, for example, chemical environmental cleaning agents (e.g., Clidox) Blood (cystocentesis) and lower urinary tract cells (catheterization) introduced by collection method Intrinsic sample differences crystals, casts, epithelial, and blood cells physicochemical properties (pH, albumin, hemoglobin) Collection procedure Addition or dilution of biomarkers biomarker stability assay interference... 

Cardinale D, Colombo A, Lamantia G et al (2010) AnthracycUne-induced cardiomyopathy clinical relevance and response to pharmacologic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 213-220 Chaudry M, Banchs J, Chavez-MacGregor M (2016) Anthracycline or trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity do we have a predictive biomarker Biomark Med 10 315-328 Chen CL (2015) Cardiovascular prevention in the cancer survivor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 17 484 Chow EJ, Chen Y, Kremer LC et al (2015) Individual prediction of heart failure among childhood cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 33 394-402... 

Lead toxicokinetics provides the underpinning for using biological markers of human Pb exposures (Pb-exposure biomarkers). Biomarkers of Pb... 

The first two approaches, target metabolomics and metabolite profiling, focus on the detection and quatification of biomarkers. Biomarkers are specific metabolites used to distinguish a normal biological state from a pathogenic process. Analytical methods have been developed to monitor selected biomarkers by well-calibrated methods of analyses. If a patient is already sick, target or profile metabolomics are capable of fast diagnostics since patient symptoms can narrow the analysis to the most affected metabolite(s). 

Biomarkers form a small percentage of bitumen and cmde oils, but relative distributions and complex stmctures are modified by the various processes involved during petroleum generation and accumulation. These biomarkers are widely used for correlation studies, and for recognition and documentation of the progress of generation and maturation (52,53). 

K. E. Peters and. M. Moldowan, The Biomarker Guide Application of Molecular Eossils in Petroleum Exploration, Prentice-HaH, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 363 pp. 

Animal studies have shown that teas are effective in blocking or slowing carcinogenesis (121,131,133). Administration of teas or tea polyphenols to mice or rats have also been shown to decrease oxidative biomarkers, suggesting that tea polyphenols act as antioxidants (125,134). 

J. S. Shim and co-workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 4(14), 387—391 (June 1995). 

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPE AND LEE FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE AS A BIOMARKER OF EXPOSURE TO PAHS PRIOR TO HPLC... 

Xenobiotic induced disruption of female fertility follows essentially the same pattern as that of the male and can be caused by changes in pituitary-hypothalamic function, primary disruption of ovarian structure or hormone secretion, or changes in the rate of hormone deactivation. In addition, there may be changes in the synthesis of estrogen induced production of the yolk protein by the liver (vitellogenesis), which in turn can lead to failure to lay down sufficient yolk in the developing oocytes. Vitellogenesis provides a valuable biomarker for endocrine dysfunction in both sexes,but is more properly considered as part of the liver function. 

Cyprid major protein is a larval storage protein necessary for successful metamorphosis. " Production of cyprid major protein was increased in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite following exposure to both nonylphenol and estradiol, suggesting that it may be a potential biomarker of estrogen exposure in invertebrates such as barnacles. " "... 

Another potential histopathological biomarker of endocrine disruption is the development of ovotestes in the lobster Homarus americanusf... 

Develop biomarkers of endocrine disruption. F iirther evidence of endocrine disruption is required in addition to population parameters. Biochemical and histopathological biomarkers are required to identify which hormone systems are affected. 

Mechanistic studies to identify how endocrine disrupting chemicals interact with hormone systems are required. Although population effects coupled with biomarkers of exposure are strongly suggestive of endocrine disruption, the effect could be secondary to metabolic toxicity. Establishing mechanisms may avoid the need to make decisions on a weight of evidence approach alone. 

Conduct field studies based on the results of population studies and biomarker responses. The extent to which endocrine disruption occurs in situ is important in considering the scale of remedial action required. 

M. S. Kurzer, J. W. Lampe, M. C. Martini and H. Adlei creutz, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev.,... 

Extensive research is currently underway to use biological markers (biomarkers) in exposure and risk assessment. Biomarkers include the reaction products of chemicals or their metabolic products with biological macromolecules, especially with DNA. They also involve indicators of effect, such as chromosomal damage, and indicators of individual genetic susceptibility. 

Biomarkers for internal close of the intoxicant—dose monitoring. Bioniarkers for early biological changes following exposure— effect... 

Identification becomes more difficult in the case of isoparaffins since many structural isomers are possible with increasing carbon number. Nevertheless, all possible isoalkanes from through have been found in crude oils, along with several isomers of and some of Many isoprenoids (e.g., pristane and phytane) which serve as biomarkers to the genesis of petroleum have been detected in significant... 

The ultimate model is the human in the clinical situation. Translational medicine with noninvasive imaging techniques and biomarkers is now able to furnish valuable information that can be used in the initial discovery process to produce better defined drugs. 

In humans, biomarker responses to PPAR agonists by and large support possible antiatherosclerotic benefits, although recent clinical trial results have not proven conclusive. Further large-scale trials should help define the role of PPAR agonist therapy on cardiovascular events in at-risk populations. 

Our new appreciation of the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis shows the way for translation of these novel biological insights to clinical practice, for example by aiding the identification of individuals at risk of adverse cardiovascular events [5]. In this context, inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP merit rigorous consideration for inclusion in risk assessment strategies. In addition, these scientific advances provide a framework... 

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