Endocrine dysfunction

Xenobiotic induced disruption of female fertility follows essentially the same pattern as that of the male and can be caused by changes in pituitary-hypothalamic function, primary disruption of ovarian structure or hormone secretion, or changes in the rate of hormone deactivation. In addition, there may be changes in the synthesis of estrogen induced production of the yolk protein by the liver (vitellogenesis), which in turn can lead to failure to lay down sufficient yolk in the developing oocytes. Vitellogenesis provides a valuable biomarker for endocrine dysfunction in both sexes,but is more properly considered as part of the liver function. 

Xu X Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA The effects of lead exposure on endocrine dysfunction and adverse reproductive outcomes in China National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Assennato G, Baser M, Molinini R, et al. 1987. Sperm count suppression without endocrine dysfunction in lead-exposed men. Arch Environ Health 42 124-127. 

Crammer, J.S., D.L. Avery, R.R. Grady, and J.I. Kitoy. 1978. Postnatal endocrine dysfunction resulting from prenatal exposure to carbofuran, diazinon or chlordane. Jour. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2 357-369. 

Frequent monitoring for signs of hepatorenal syndrome, pulmonary insufficiency, and endocrine dysfunction is necessary. 

The study of hormones is known as endocrinology, and it arose from both clinical and experimental observations. The physical and emotional effects of castration in the male had long been recognised and in the nineteenth century the signs and symptoms of a number of diseases, which are now known to be caused by endocrine dysfunction, were described. In 1871, Charles Fagge attributed... 

Endocrine effects Statins interfere with cholesterol synthesis and lower circulating cholesterol levels and, as such, might theoretically blunt adrenal or gonadal steroid hormone production. Small declines in total testosterone with no commensurate elevation in LH have been noted with the use of fluvastatin. Pravastatin showed inconsistent results with regard to possible effects on basal steroid hormone levels atorvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin did not reduce basal plasma cortisol concentration or basal plasma testosterone concentration or impair adrenal reserve. Appropriately evaluate patients who display clinical evidence of endocrine dysfunction. Exercise caution when administering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with drugs that affect steroid levels or activity, such as ketoconazole, spironolactone, and cimetidine. 

Human diseases related to endocrine dysfunction can be broadly grouped into (1) overproduction of a particular hormone, (2) underproduction of a hormone, and (3) target-cell insensitivity to a hormone. 

Although most anticonvulsants interfere with endocrine function, epilepsy may do so itself, and it is difficult to differentiate the effects of drugs from those of the disease. In any case, symptoms of endocrine dysfunction are less common than biochemical abnormalities. 

O Keefe SJD, Cariem AK, Levy M. The exacerbation of pancreatic endocrine dysfunction by potent pancreatic exocrine supplements in patients with chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001 32 319-23. 

The use of drugs to help regulate and control endocrine function is an important area of pharmacology. In one sense, hormones can be considered drugs that are manufactured by the patient s body. This situation presents an obvious opportunity to use exogenous chemicals to either mimic or attenuate the effects of specific hormones during endocrine dysfunction. 

Winneke G, Walkowiak J, Lilienthal H (2002) PCB-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in human infants and its potential mediation by endocrine dysfunction. Toxicology, 181-182 161-165. 

Qll Other neuroleptic agents include phenothiazines, such as chlorpromazine, promazin and thioridazine, and thioxanthines, such as flupenthixol. The non-specific blockade of dopaminergic receptors afforded by these drugs leads to development of side effects, such as endocrine dysfunction and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. The unwanted antagonism of motor tracts results in extrapyramidal side effects, such as Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. The latter is associated with involuntary movements of the face, limbs and trunk. Chronic neuroleptic therapy can inhibit the release of GABA. This in turn leads to changes in mobility. 

Other neuroleptic agents such as phenothiazines, which are non-selective dopamine antagonists, can cause endocrine dysfunction as well as extrapyra-midal side effects. 

Q4 Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period is called menorrhagia. The blood loss reduces levels of iron in the body and may result in iron-deficiency anaemia. The causes of excessive bleeding could be inflammation, fibroids, endometriosis, cervical polyps, adenomyosis, ovarian tumours, intrauterine devices (IUDs), inherited clotting disorders, endocrine dysfunction, such as thyroid dysfunction, or mental stress. In terms of drug therapy, oral ferrous... 

It is generally accepted that the primary etiology of obesity concerns problems of energy balance as a consequence of nutritional excess and physical inactivity with less than 1% of cases associated with endocrine dysfunction (13). Changes in body weight or body composition depend on the relationship of energy intake to energy... 

The pancreas is uniquely susceptible to high concentrations of ethanol, which can induce an acute inflammatory response characterized by release of amylase into the circulation. If severe or if this evolves into chronic pancreatitis it may lead to autodigestion by exocrine enzymes and ultimately to secondary endocrine dysfunction. 

Cirrhosis and the pathophysiologic abnormalities that cause it result in the commonly encountered problems of ascites, portal hypertension and esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and coagulation disorders. Other less commonly seen problems in patients with cirrhosis include hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome, and endocrine dysfunction, and these are discussed in the section dealing with management of complications. 

In addition to the more common complications of chronic liver disease discussed above, a number of other complications can occm, including hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome, coagulation disorders, and endocrine dysfunction. 

With the success of HSCT, the number of long-term survivors has grown. Many survivors experience delayed complications of transplantation, especially those receiving alloHSCT, and primary care physicians will care for them. Major late complications include restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease bone and joint disease cataract formation endocrine dysfunction, including sterility impaired growth and development infections cardiovascular disease and cirrhosis as a result of chronic hepatitis C infection and secondary malignancies. " ... 

A5. Albright, F., Butler, A. M., Hampton, A. D., and Smith, P., Syndrome characterised by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in femaies. New Engl. J. Med. 216, 727-746 (1937). 

DA antagonists may cause endocrine dysfunction, including gynecomastia and amenorrhea-galactorrhea. 

Drugs causing EP dysfunction also block DA receptors in the pituitary — T prolactin and may cause endocrine dysfunction, including gynecomastia and amenorrhea-galactorrhea. 

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