Petroleum exploration

Lowell, James D.(1985) Structural Styles in Petroleum Exploration, 460p, OGGI Publications... 

The acid content of cmde petroleum varies from 0—3%, with cmdes from California, Venezuela, Russia, and Romania having the highest content. Smaller amounts are found ia U.S. Gulf Coast cmdes, whereas Httie or no naphthenic acids are found ia Pennsylvania, Iraq, or Saudi Arabia cmdes. Typical concentrations are shown ia Table 2. Minor amounts of naphthenic acids are also found ia bituminous oil sands, but these are not economically recoverable. Identification of naphthenic acids ia water from oil-beating strata is being examined as a potential method of petroleum exploration (18). 

Other Databases with Patent Information. The APIPAT database has been discussed, as have the unique capabihties of the merged WPI—APIPAT file on ORBIT. Many other databases contain substantial amounts of patent information, notable among them are Derwent s biotechnology Abstracts the TULSA database (petroleum exploration and production), several specialized pharmaceutical files, PAPERCHEM, and METADEX. A very complete listing of databases containing patent information circa 1990 has been prepared (38). 

N. J. Hyne, Dictiona of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling, and Production, PeimWeU Books, Tulsa, OHa., 1991, 625 p. 

K. E. Peters and. M. Moldowan, The Biomarker Guide Application of Molecular Eossils in Petroleum Exploration, Prentice-HaH, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 363 pp. 

McCaslin, J. C. (1983). Petroleum Exploration Worldwide A History of Advances Since 1950 and a Look at Future Targets. Tulsa, OK PennWell Books. 

Petroconsultants, Inc. (1996). Petroleum Exploration and Production Database. Houston, TX Author. 

Current address Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, P.O. Box 910, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China... 

Kankipati, P., and Ju, L. K., Microbial Desulfurization of Petroleum Fundamental Study on Dibenzothiophene Desulfurization by Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius. In Exploration Issues and Solutions in Petroleum Exploration, Production and Refining. 1994. Pennwell Books. 605-614. 

The Department of Energy also transferred two of the Naval Oil Shale Reserves in Colorado to the Department of the Interior s Bureau of Land Management. Like other federally owned lands, these properties are offered for commercial mineral leasing, primarily for natural gas production and future petroleum exploration. 

As a partial compromise between the use of on-site instrumental analysis and laboratory analysis, a passive sampler can be immersed into the soil (at a specified depth or at several depths) to collect the evolved gases that are adsorbed onto a solid-phase support. The sampler is then removed to the laboratory, where the gases are transferred by Curie point desorption, directly into the ion source of an interfaced quadrupole mass spectrometer. This procedure has its origin in the petroleum exploration industry, and the samplers can be used at a considerable range of depths (Einhom et al., 1992). 

Oil production starts with petroleum exploration. Oil geologists study rock formations on and below the Earth s surface to determine where petroleum might be found. The next step is preparing and drilling an oil well. After completing the well, which means bringing the well into production, petroleum is recovered in much the same way as underground water is obtained. 

Combined stable isotope analysis ( C, D, N, has been used successfully in petroleum exploration (Stahl 1977 Schoell 1984 Sofer 1984). The isotopic composition of crude oil is mainly determined by the isotopic composition of its source material, more specifically, the type of kerogen and the sedimentary environment in which it has been formed and by its degree of thermal alteration (Tang et al. 2005). Other secondary effects like biodegradation, water washing, and migration distances appear to have only minor effects on its isotopic composition. 

Hinwood, J.B., Poots, A.E., Dennis, L.R., Carey, J.M., Houridis, H., Bell, R.J., Thomson, J.R., Boudreau, P. and Ayling, A.M. (1994) Environmental implications of drilling activities, in Environmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Australia—The Finding of an Independent Scientific Review (eds J.M. Swan, J.M. Neff and P.C Young), Australian Petroleum Exploration Association, Sydney, pp. 123—207. 

Moody, G. B., Ed., Petroleum Exploration Handbook, McGraw-Hill,... 

Petroleum Exploration Handbook, pp. 5-1 to 5-50, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. 

Modern petroleum exploration geophysics is based on three important earth properties (1) density, (2) magnetization and (3) acoustic response. 

The type of experiment used to make a seismic survey in petroleum exploration will be determined by the type of information required, the types of rock strata anticipated, environmental considerations, the type of terrain, and, of course, the economic costs involved. 

In petroleum exploration, reflection seismic surveying is the method predominantly used. The seismograph records variations in the way rocks reflect sound waves sent downward from a surface source. The reflected sound waves vary with the type, depth, density, and dip of the rocks encountered. The returning sound waves made from a series of points along the survey path can then be displayed graphically to form a seismic record for interpretation by earth scientists. These principles are diagrammed and explained in Fig. 8. 

The first seismograph is recorded to have been an inverted bronze urn with a pendulum inside and used by the Chinese in about 160 A.D. to announce earthquakes. Seismographs were reinverted, so to speak, during World War T to locate heavy German artillery. In 1920, scismography for use in petroleum exploration was first demonstrated. 

TABLE 3. MILESTONES IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY... 

Some of the major milestones achieved in petroleum exploration and production technology are summarized in Table 3. 

Leffler, W.L., G. Sterling, and R. Pattarozzi Deepwater Petroleum Exploration and Production A Nontechnical Guide, PennWell Corporation, Tulsa, OK. 2003. Longwen. W. "China s Exploration and Development of Offshore Oil and Gas. ... 

JNOC press release, Proof of the methane-hydrate-containing layer in the national wildcat, Nankai Trough, based on the National Domestic Petroleum Exploration Program, Japan National Oil Corporation, January 20 (2000). 

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