Behavioral modification

Beet sugar molasses Beet-sugar syrup Behavior modification Behenic acid [112-85-6]... 

The first perspective is the traditional safety engineering approach (Section 2.4). This stresses the individual factors that give rise to accidents and hence emphasizes selection, together with motivational and disciplinary approaches to accident and error reduction. The main emphasis here is on behavior modification, through persuasion (motivational campaigns) or pimishment. The main area of application of this approach has been to occupational safety, which focuses on hazards that affect the individual worker, rather than process safety, which emphasizes major systems failures that could cause major plant losses and impact to the environment as well as individual injury. 

In some cases, more subtle approaches to behavior modification have been employed. Applications of behavior modification to safety are discussed in McKenna (1989), Hale and Glendon (1987), and Petersen (1984). 

Modem behavior-modification programs rely on the identification and reinforcement of safe behaviors. Considerable improvements in measures of safety performance have been attributed to the introduction of these approaches (see McSween, 1993, for a petrochemical example). However, other studies have indicated that performance may return to its original level if the programs are withdrawn. It is therefore important to maintain a continuing program to ensure that the initial levels of improvements are maintained. Also, the benefits of behavior modification programs have mainly been demonstrated in the context of work activities where there is a high level of... 

The successes of the traditional approach have largely been obtained in the area of occupational safety, where statistical evidence is readily available concerning the incidence of injuries to individuals in areas such as tripping and falling accidents. Such accidents are amenable to behavior modification approaches because the behaviors that give rise to the accident are under the direct control of the individual and are easily predictable. In addition, the nature of the hazard is also usually predictable and hence the behavior required to avoid accidents can be specified explicitly. For example, entry to enclosed spaces, breaking-open process lines, and lifting heavy objects are known to be potentially hazardous activities for which safe methods of work... 

Where errors occur that lead to process accidents, it is clearly not appropriate to hold the worker responsible for conditions that are outside his or her control and that induce errors. These considerations suggest that behavior-modification-based approaches will not in themselves eliminate many of the types of errors that can cause major process accidents. 

From the corporate end, almost all of the behavior modification efforts directed at consumers are to get people to use more technology. It usually follows that greater technology use results in greater energy use. 

An educational, behavior modification approach should be taken with the patient. Education about chemical dependency is most important. Expected behavioral changes must be clearly conceived and communicated to the patient. Evaluation of vocational status and skill development require attention. 

Pharmacotherapy is superior to behavioral therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavior modification provided by parents and teachers in conjunction with pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcomes more than behavior therapy alone. 

Behavioral therapy can be used to treat patients with ADHD however, it is generally not recommended as first-line monotherapy.8 Several studies have demonstrated that treatment with medication alone is superior to behavioral intervention alone in improving attention.12 However, behavioral therapy in combination with stimulant therapy was better at improving oppositional and aggressive behaviors.12 Behavioral modification involves training parents, teachers, and caregivers to change the physical and social environment and establishment... 

The Diabetes Prevention Program was a 3-year study that showed that lifestyle modifications, including exercise (30 minutes/day, 5 days/week) and moderate (5%-10%) weight loss, reduce the probability of developing DM by 58% in patients with pre-diabetes. Results from this study suggest that diet, exercise, and behavior modification are effective in preventing type 2 DM in high-risk patients.14... 

Nonpharmacologic therapies for menopause-related symptoms have not been studied in large randomized trials, and evidence of benefit is not well documented. Owing to minimal adverse effects with these types of interventions, it maybe prudent for patients to try lifestyle or behavioral modifications before and in addition to pharmacologic therapy. The most common nonpharmacologic interventions for vasomotor symptoms include4,7,8... 

Treatment of musculoskeletal disorders involves three phases (1) therapy of an acute injury using the RICE principle, (2) pain relief using oral or topical agents, and (3) lifestyle and behavioral modifications for rehabilitation and to prevent recurrent injury or chronic pain (Fig. 57-3). 

Non-adherence with recommended lifestyle changes may result in unsuccessful weight loss.6,25 Therefore, eliminating these barriers through behavior modification is necessary to gain maximal benefit from both dietary modification and exercise. Components to successful behavioral modification include, but are not limited to, the following steps ... 

The effect of orlistat in adolescent patients has been evaluated recently. In a group of 12- to 16-year-old individuals, orlistat (120 mg three times daily) in combination with diet, exercise, and behavior modification exhibited minimal weight increase after 1 year (0.53 kg) compared with placebo-treated patients (3.14 kg). Common adverse reactions observed were fatty or oily stools, oily spotting, oily evacuation, or abdominal pain and/or flatulence with bowel movements. Soft stools, nausea, increased defecation, and fecal incontinence also were noted. Orlistat may be better suited for prevention of weight gain in tolerant adolescents, but more studies are warranted before providing a solid recommendation.36... 

Floyd, Mark, Forrest Scogin, Nancy L. McKendree-Smith, Donna L. Floyd and Paul D. Rokke, Cognitive Therapy for Depression A Comparison of Individual Psychotherapy and Bibliotherapy for Depressed Older Adults , Behavior Modification 28 (2004) 297-318... 

Cathy and Kelly. The knowledge from behavior modification or mind control programs can be used negatively for absolute control or positively to enhance one s abilities to learn and grow from Phillips testimony one might think he was involved more with the latter. 

The CIA s program of Behavior Modification-Project MK ULTRA. Government Printing Office 8-31-77. As mentioned in Steamshovel Press 12, article The High and the Mighty, JFK, MPM.LSD the CIA pt. 4, 1995... 

Several trends are evident from Table 9.6 (1) freshwater fishes are more sensitive to zinc than marine species (2) embryos and larvae are the most sensitive developmental stages (3) lethal and sublethal effects occur in the range 50 to 235 pg Zn/L for most species, and 4.9 to 9.8 pg Zn/L for brown trout (Salmo trutta) and (4) behavioral modifications, such as avoidance, occur at concentrations as low as 5.6 pg Zn/L. 

Successful obesity treatment plans incorporate diet, exercise, behavior modification with or without pharmacologic therapy, and/ or surgery (Fig. 59-1). 

The primary aim of behavior modification is to help patients choose lifestyles conducive to safe and sustained weight loss. Behavioral therapy is based on principles of human learning, which use stimulus control and reinforcement to substitute desirable for learned, undesirable behavior. 

FIGURE 59-1. Pharmacotherapy treatment algorithm. A select population of individuals, based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) together with concurrent risk factors, may benefit from medication therapy as an adjunct to a program of weight loss that includes diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. (CHD, coronary heart disease DM, diabetes mellitus, HTN, hypertension INC WC, >40 inches for males and >35 inches for females LCD, low-calorie diet.)... 

Watchful waiting involves reassessment at yearly intervals. Patients should be educated about behavior modification such as fluid restriction before bedtime, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, frequent emptying of the bladder, and avoiding drugs that exacerbate symptoms. 

If the client is an adolescent or child and engaging in antisocial behavior, then comorbid Conduct Disorder should be considered, although such behavior also may indicate an Oppositional-Defiant Disorder if there is little deviant behavior but lots of arguing and defying the wishes of authorities such as parents and teachers. Adult antisocial behavior is difficult to treat but usually involves use of behavior modification (see Chapter 5) through the use of incentives. Conduct Disorder and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder can be successfully treated with behavior modification and by modifying the youth s environment (e.g., using multisystemic therapy or the community reinforcement model — see Chapter 5). 

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