Battelle model

In Germany, the Battelle Institute has employed the Battelle model containment (BMC) which is a 1/100 down-scaled model of a typical PWR containment. Between... 

Hydrogen-air-steam combustion experiments have been conducted to simulate local detonations in a nuclear containment and to validate the respective numerical detonation codes. Experimental facilities used were the Battelle model containment and the containment of the decommissioned HDR in Germany as well as one-compartment vessels at Hanford and Nevada Test Site in the USA or the RUT facility in Russia. Many codes have been developed to simulate the transport, convective mixing, and combustion of hydrogen in a containment building. State-of-the-art are CFD models or lumped parameter models with successful reproduction of, e.g., thermal stratification phenomena. 

Dr. Richard Walentowicz provided the EPA CD-ROM disk entitled Exposure Models Library and Integrated Model Evaluation System" with other reference material. Lester Wittenberg of the Center for Chemical Process Safety, AIChE was particularly helpful in providing a chenncal industry perspective and reference material as was Dr. Steven Arendt of JBF Associates, Inc. Drs. David Hesse of Battelle Columbus Laboratories and Vinod Mubayi of Brookhaven National Laboratory were very helpful in providing material on the chemical consequence codes. 

Nelson, R.W. J.A. Schur. (1980). Assessment of effectiveness of geologic oscillation systems PATHS groundwater hydrologic model. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA. 

Schwartz. W. Chemical Characterization of Model Aerosols. EPA-650/3-74-011. Columbus, Ohio Battelle Memorial Institute, 1974. 129 pp. 

There are also many similarities and interconnections among most of the 10 studies. The earliest study (Osteen and Kuchler, 1986) and several others (NAPIAP, 1992 Danielson et al., 1993 and Pike et al., 1994) used similar information compiled by similar groups of weed scientists. However, the information for the Osteen and Kuchler study was based on conditions and herbicides available in 1985, while the latter three studies used information from 1992 to 1993. The two Battelle studies (funded by Ciba Crop Protection) and the three CEEPES-based studies (CEEPES, 1993,1994 Ribaudo and Bouzaher, 1994) are more distinct because they used different farm level data and different aggregate models. CEEPES was designed to evaluate various agricultural policy tradeoffs in 15 Midwest states. The three triazine studies based on the CEEPES model were partially financed by USDA and USEPA. 

The percent yield loss and per acre or hectare cost changes are shown in Table 12.3. Due in part to the low estimate of atrazine pounds used, the CEEPES model resulted in a 1.19% yield loss and a 1.08 extra production cost per acre ( 2.66/ha) of corn grown, which is very small as compared with those by Battelle (1989, 1993) and is less than half of the effects shown by NAPIAP (1992), Danielson et al. (1993), and Pike el al. (1994). More recently, USEPA (2003) estimated that without atrazine in com, there would be a yield reduction of 8.8 bu/A, or a 6.4% reduction based on 2001 estimates of 138 bu/A. The total increased production cost estimated by USEPA for com was 28.31/A, based on decreased yield and increased herbicide cost. 

RT3D is an extension of MT3D, developed by researchers at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories to simulate natural attenuation of chlorinated contaminants, that is capable of modeling multi-species reactive transport [19,68]. 

Aziz CE, Newell CJ, Gonzales JR, Haas PE, Clement TP, Sun Y (1999) Biochlor natural attenuation model for chlorinated solvent sites. Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents,petroleum,hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH... 

Young HC, Bleckmann CA, Huang J, Reynolds DE, Goltz MN (2001) Quantitative validation of a model of chlorinated ethene natural attenuation. In Leeson A, Kelley ME, Rafai H, Magar VS (eds) Natural attenuation of environmental contaminants. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp 173-180... 

Metallic corrosion, although seemingly innocuous, indeed affects many sectors of a nation s economy. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in collaboration with Battelle Columbus Laboratory (BCL) studied the costs of corrosion in USA using the input/output model.7 Some elements of the costs of corrosion used in the model are... 

CONTENTS Introduction, Thom H. Dunning, Jr. Electronic Structure Theory and Atomistic Computer Simulations of Materials, Richard P. Messmer, General Electric Corporate Research and Development and the University of Pennsylvania. Calculation of the Electronic Structure of Transition Metals in Ionic Crystals, Nicholas W. Winter, Livermore National Laboratory, David K. Temple, University of California, Victor Luana, Universidad de Oviedo and Russell M. Pitzer, The Ohio State University. Ab Initio Studies of Molecular Models of Zeolitic Catalysts, Joachim Sauer, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry, Germany. Ab Inito Methods in Geochemistry and Mineralogy, Anthony C. Hess, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories and Paul F. McMillan, Arizona State University. 

Gelzleichter, T., Myers, M., Menton, R., Niemuth, N., Matthews, M. (1998h). Evaluation of the passive protection against five serotypes of hotulinum toxin provided hy homlinum human immune glohulin in an animal model. Battelle Final Report Task 96-45. 

Baltimore Gas Company, 158 BASF Catalysts, LLC, 21, 282, 313, 345 basic (BA) model, 23-24 Battelle Memorial Institute, 36 BDS. See desulphurization, bio-... 

Smith, R. W, and E. A. Jenne. 1988. Compilation, evaluation, and prediction of triple-layer model constants for ions on Fe(III) and Mn(IV) hydrous oxides. Report PNL-6754. Richland, WA Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 

Burkholder, H.C.."Nuclide Migration Models for Faulted Media," in Nuclear Waste Management and Transportation Quarterly Progress Report October Through December 1975, BNWL-1978, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA,... 

Soldat, J.K., Robinson, N.M., and Baker, D.A., Models and Computer Codes for Evaluating Environmental Radiation Doses, BNWL-1754, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA, February 1974. 

David A. Dixon is a Battelle fellow in the Fundamental Science Directorate at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), where he previously served as associate director for theory, modeling, and simulation at the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory. His main research interest is the use of numerical simulation to solve complex chemical problems with a primary focus on the quantitative prediction of molecular behavior. He uses numerical simulation methods to obtain quantitative results for molecular systems of interest to experimental chemists and engineers with a specific focus on the design of new materials and production processes. Before moving to PNNL, he was research fellow and research leader in computational chemistry at DuPont Central Research and Development (1983-1995) and a member of the Chemistry Department at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (1977-1983). He earned his B.S. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Harvard University, where he served as a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows, Harvard University. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a fellow of the American Physical Society. He is a recipient of the 1989 Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award presented by the American Chemical Society, the Federal Laboratory Consortium Technology Transfer Award (2000), and the 2003 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Work in Fluorine Chemistry. 

Speciation of the fluid was modeled using MINTEQ. The major inorganic species in the L2 leachate are listed in Thble II. The thermodynamic data base for MINTEQ was adapted from that of WATEQ3 (12 iA)- VAX version of the model used in this study was obtained from Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory and implemented at the University of Colorado by Davis (16). 

Siegel LS, Alshawabkeh AN and Hamilton MA (2002) Modeling cesium partitioning in the rhizo-sphere In Wetlands and Remediation. Battelle Press, Columbus, pp. 73-81. 

The Battelle k-c model BASSIM originally designed for hydrogen combustion in nuclear containments (see section 3.4.5.) was also applied to the above mentioned LH2 spill experiments conducted by the BAM, Berlin, for predictive calculations providing reasonable qualitative results for 3D effects of hydrogen dispersion behavior [94]. 

The Battelle-NBS study consists of a combination of the expertise of corrosion and economics experts to determine the economic impact of corrosion on the U.S. economy. A version of the Battelle National Input/Output Model was used to estimate the total corrosion cost. This model quantitatively identified corrosion-related changes in resources such as materials, labor and energy, changes in capital equipment and facilities, and changes in the replacement lives of capital equipment for all the sectors of the economy. The input/output model accounts for both the direct effects of corrosion on individual sectors and the interactions among various sectors. 

The final results were based on NBS analysis of the uncertainty in the Battelle input/output model estimates and adjustments to the Battelle results based on uncertainty analysis. For reference, Battelle estimated the total cost of corrosion to be 82 billion (4.97% of 1,677 trillion GNP in 1975). About 40% or 33 billion (2% of GNP) was estimated to be avoidable. 

Sector Costs on the Basis of the Input-Output Model The Battelle-NBS study used the lO model to estimate the cost of corrosion to sectors. In addition to the 10 model, the report focused on four areas federal government, personally owned automobiles, the electric power industry and loss of energy and materials. 

In 1992, Kuwait conducted an economic assessment of the total cost of corrosion to its economy using a modified version of the Battelle-NBS lO model. The resulting report containing the assessment can be found in Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the State of Kuwait authored by F. Al-Kharafi, A. Al-Hashem, and F. Martrouk, Final Report no. 4761, KSIR Publications, December 1995. 

The method to estimate corrosion costs was patterned after Battelle-NBS lO method. Data gathered and information required for the model s adjustments came from three sources (i) data compiled from a survey specifically designed for industries in Kuwait (ii) judgment of experts in corrosion in Kuwait (iii) experience of other countries and previous studies. 

The Battelle-NBS study (1) used an economic input/output analysis to estimate the cost of corrosion in the United States. In the model, the US economy was divided into 130 industrial sectors. For each sector, estimates were made on the costs of corrosion prevention, as well as the cost of repair and replacement because of corrosion. The following direct costs were included in the study replacement of equipment or buildings loss of product maintenance and repair excess capacity redundant equipment corrosion control such as inhibitors organic and metallic coatings engineering research and development testing design insurance parts and equipment inventory. 

---