Excess capacities

Because of the rapid capital investment in acryUcs that occurred in the early 1970s, there is a large excess capacity. In 1981 worldwide demand was 2.1 X 10 kg whereas worldwide capacity was 2.6 X 10 kg. Prices have consequendy been soft since 1977. Since that time there has been only rninimal investment in plants or equipment and a curtailment ia research and development work. 

At least in the short term, European production is expected to be impacted by two trends the move away from planned economics in the East should lead to more rapid demand growth and the phaseout of CPCs, including, in Europe, aerosols (qv), should lead to overcapacity in the West. This excess capacity in western Europe could be used to supply the East. 

Japan and China. During the 1980s, acetylene demand in Japan suffered a significant decline. Chemical use declined from over 100,000 to 42,000 t, acetylene black production declined from 20,000 to less than 10,000 t, and industrial use went from 42,000 to 30,000 t. Thus, based on 1990 estimates, Japan has an excess capacity for acetylene production with capabiUties for 247, 000 t/yr and a demand of only 82,000 t. 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

The difficulties of such operations on the research platform Nordsee are described in Ref. 9. The Murchison platform was provided with a combination of impressed current protection and galvanic anodes because there was a limit to the load to be transported [12]. The anodes for platforms are installed and provided with cables at the yard. They are installed with redundancy and excess capacity so that no repairs are necessary if there is a breakdown. The lower part of the platform up to the splash zone is usually placed in position in the designated location at least 1 year before the erection of the deck structure so that impressed current protection cannot initially be put in operation. This requires cathodic protection with galvanic anodes for this period. This also means that the impressed current protection is more expensive than the galvanic anodes. 

One recurring problem has been that a perceived shortage of a particular material has led to plans by more than one company to build large plants to produce that material, so that a shortage is then followed by a period of severe excess capacity and depressed polymer prices. 

The cycle life of the hydrogen-containing samples also appears to be limited as shown in ref 8. This is unacceptable for a practical application. The capacity loss is mostly due to the elimination of the excess capacity which exhibits hysteresis. Since this portion of the capacity appears related to the incorporated hydrogen, its elimination with cycling may not be unexpected. We do not understand this point fully yet, and further work would appear to be warranted. 

Interpreting results of the pinch diagram As can be seen from Fig. 3.12, the pinch is located at the corresponding mole fractions (y,Xi.jc ) - (0.(K)10, 0.0030, 0.0010). The excess capacity of the process MSAs is 1.4 x lO" kg mol benzene/s and cannot be used because of thermodynamic and practical-feasibility limitations. This excess can be eliminated by reducing the outlet compositions and/or flowrates of the process MSAs. Since the inlet composition of S2 corresponds to a mole fraction of 0.0015 on the y scale, the waste load immediately... 

We are now in a position to incorporate material balance into the synthesis procedure with the objective of allocating the pinch point as well as evaluating excess capacity of process MS As and load to be removed by external MSAs. These aspects ate assessed through the mass-exchange cascade diagram. 

The medium is placed in a container having a suitable excess capacity in order to insure the presence of sufficient oxygen and is sterilized by heating at 120°C for about 30 minutes. When cool, the medium is inoculated with about 25 ml of a vegetative inoculum as described above, and the culture is then shaken for about 80 hours at 26°C. The pH of the medium at the beginning of fermentation ranges from about 6.5 to about 7.0 and the final pH is about 7.0 to about 8.0. A fermentation broth thus obtained contained about 180 m9 of vancomycin per ml. 

When too many factors of safety are added to the true required design flows, excess margins may affect compressor stability. When the compressor manufacturer begins the design, therefore, unjustified excess capacity flows exist. Be realistic in regard to building in flexibility or capacity. 

With practical installations it must be remembered that the frictional losses cannot be estimated with very great accuracy because the roughness will change with use and the pumping unit must therefore always have ample excess capacity. 

It will prevent run-on or infiltration of precipitation unless the collection system has excess capacity (beyond the 110%) to hold precipitation consistent with the 25-yr, 24-h rainstorm prediction. 

Reducing smelting furnaces that produce a high-sulfidity, kraft-like green liquor are now employed at sodium-based sulfite mills. U.S. EPA anticipates that it would be necessary to replace the existing recovery boilers at ammonia-based mills if chemical substitution to a sodium base were employed. Additionally, it is likely that, because the heat value of sodium spent liquor is lower than ammonia spent liquor, evaporator modification may he required if excess capacity does not already exist. 

When a plant is designed, aunit may be designed with excess capacity to facilitate a future expansion. For instance, consider a batch process that has a continuous purification step, such as distillation or extraction. If it is planned to expand this plant a few years after it starts up, it might be wise to put the extra capacity in the continuous unit and to plan a layout that will easily allow the addition of other batch units. 

Using a pPLC system, log P for one unknown compound was determined in less than 1 hr. It is important to note that the excess capacity provided by the system (24 columns are available for simultaneous analysis) allows simultaneous determination of log P for six additional compounds. The same study required 5 hr using conventional HPLC, and consumed 300 mL of solvent, equivalent to 15 times the volume of solvent used for the evaluations via jtiPLC. A similar approach can be used to evaluate log D, the octanol-water distribution coefficient—a measure of the distribution ratios of all combinations (ionized and unionized) of octanol and pH-buffered water. 

As stability and prosperity in traditional fisheries provide the basis for private sector investment in new, underutilized fisheries, fisheries management and development activities will be coordinated to ensure that increased investment in harvesting and processing operations do not result in excess capacity and recurring marketing crises in traditional fisheries. Traditional fisheries are those for which the existing fishing industry has the capability... 

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