EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES

A schematic diagram of the experimental burner is shown in Fig. 12.1. It features an air-assist fuel nozzle, nominally rated for 0.5 gallons per hour. In the present study, kerosene has been used as the fuel and air has been used as the atomization gas. 

A Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI) was used to characterize the fuel spray under nonburning and burning conditions. The PDI measures droplet 

An ICCD camera equipped with 430-, 51-5-, and 307-nanometer narrow bandpass filters was used to determine the distribution of OH, CH, and C2 species in the gas and spray flames. 

The effect of swirl distribution in the burner on droplet size and velocity distribution, flow, and flame characteristics is reported. Three examined swirl distributions are 50°/30 , 50 /—30°, and 65°/30 , where the first number indicates the swirl vane angle of the inner annulus and the second number refers to that at the outer annulus. Three airflow distributions of 25%/75%, 50%/50%, and 75%/25% were examined for each swirl distribution. The first percentage number indicates the fraction of the total combustion airflow through the inner annulus, while the second number refers to that at the outer annulus. The results presented here are for swirl distributions of 65 /30° and 50 /30° only, where the total airflow was held constant to maintain a fixed equivalence ratio of 0.4. 

Global features of the flames were examined using direct image photography. The change in swirl in the outer annulus from co- to counter-swirl resulted in a thinner flame. The co-swirl distribution resulted in a more compact flame as compared to the counter-swirl case. The combustion airflow distribution in the burner had a significant effect on the flame plume configuration. 

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Shock-compression science originated during and after World War II when experimental facilities for creating planar shock waves were developed, along with prompt instrumentation techniques enabling shock velocity and particle velocity measurements to be made. The main thrust of shock-compression science is to understand the physics and to measure the material properties which govern the outcome of shock-compression events. Experiments involving planar shock waves are the most useful in shock-compression science. 

In 1972 in Moscow, a large experimental facility, the U-25, used a 250 MW natural gas combustor and generated 20 MW. The Soviets have been using very successfully mobile, pulsed MHD generators throughout the Soviet Union, for seismic studies. 

Fig. 5.4 Schematic diagram of the experimental facility for air-water flows. Reprinted from Ser-izawa et al. (2002) with permission...

Droplets appeared on the surface of the pipe (Fig. 5.33b) after increasing the water flow rate up to I/ls = 0.007 m/s. Spedding et al. (1998) referred to this regime as film plus droplet pattern. When the water flow rate increased and superficial liquid velocity was Gls = 0.03 m/s (Fig. 5.33c) droplets began to roll back into the liquid film. Kokal and Stanislav (1989) identified such a regime as annular plus roll wave flow pattern. The experimental facility used in the present study allowed us to achieve values of superficial gas velocities up to 20 m/s in the 49.2 mm pipe. 

Comparison between water flow and surfactant solution was investigated by Klein et al. (2005). The experimental facility was designed and constructed as illustrated schematically in Fig. 6.19. 

Fig. 6.19 Schematic view of the experimental facility. 1 Inlet tank, 2 mini-gear pump,...

Chapter 9 consists of the following in Sect. 9.2 the physical model of two-phase flow with evaporating meniscus is described. The calculation of the parameters distribution along the micro-channel is presented in Sect. 9.3. The stationary flow regimes are considered in Sect. 9.4. The data from the experimental facility and results related to two-phase flow in a heated capillary are described in Sect. 9.5. 

The experiments below use reverse phase chromatography with bonded silica columns and uv absorbance detection. If more extensive experimental facilities are available, some additional experiments are suggested. These are concerned with the preparation and evaluation of columns, and with the use of other detectors and modes of hplc. It should be possible to complete each experiment within a three hour practical period. 

The experimental facility is a pilot-scale distillation column connected to an industrial ABB MOD 300 distributed control system, which in turn is connected to a VAX cluster. The control system consists of a turbo node (configuration, history, console) remote I/O, and an Ethernet gateway, which allows communication with the VAX-station cluster through the network. This connection allows time-consuming and complex calculations to be performed in the VAX environment. Figure 10 shows the complete setup. 

Prior to the advent of electron spectroscopy there were no experimental facilities available that could provide, even at the most elementary level, a qualitative analysis of the chemical composition of a solid surface. Surface chemists therefore find acceptable estimates of absolute concentrations which might only be accurate to no better than +20%. There is, however, substantial evidence to suggest that photoelectron spectroscopy can provide data that are at least within these limits and where relative concentrations are being considered, the accuracy is somewhat better. 

Convincing new information on the health effects of oxidant exposure has emerged from controlled studies on humans, from which tentative dose-response curves have been constructed. These data are reviewed in Chapter 9, with the types of experimental facilities now available for such measurements. The new data show reduced pulmonary function in healthy smokers and nonsmokers after exposure to ozone at 0.37 ppm and higher for 2 h. The federal standard is 0.08 ppm for a I-h exposure.) Other gases and aerosols found in an urban atmosphere were not present in these experiments. 

Figure 17.1 (a) Countercurrent Swirl Combustor experimental facility (6) isometric view of the burner and (c) cross-sectional view of the burner indicating relevant parameters... 

Figure 18.2 Experimental facility Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation...

The principal breakthrough of the P-E press was the ability to compress a sufficient volume of powder (or size of single crystal) in a pressure cell and press small enough to mount in situ on a neutron beamline. P-E presses have opened high-pressiue neutron diffraction to a much wider range of users, and have become a standard experimental facility at several neutron sources. As a result, they have been used to study a wide range of materials, both crystalline and amorphous [79-83]. The presses have also been widely used at synchrotron sources for studies of non-crystalline materials and liquids, for example [84-86]. 

From the perspective of this symposium, analysis of the atomic dynamics and electronic structure of surfaces constitutes an even more exotic topic than surface atomic geometry. In both cases attention has been focused on a small number of model systems, e.g., single crystal transition metal and semiconductor surfaces, using rather specialized experimental facilities. General reviews have appeared for both atomic surface dynamics (21) and spectroscopic measurements of the electronic structure of single-crystal surfaces (, 22). An important emerging trend in the latter area is the use of synchrotron radiation for studying surface electronic structure via photoemission spectroscopy ( 23) Moreover, the use of the very intense synchrotron radiation sources also will enable major improvements in the application of core-level photoemission for surface chemical analysis (13). 

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